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A LEVEL BIOLOGY > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does nucleoplasm contain

A

Nucleotides and enzymes which are essential for DNA and RNA synthesis

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2
Q

What is the nuclear pores function

A

Allow molecules to enter and leave the nucleus

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3
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell

A

A cell that’s genetic material is enclosed in the nucleus and has membrane bound organelles

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4
Q

What is inside chromatin

A

DNA coiled around proteins called histones

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5
Q

What is produced at the nucleolus

A

rRNA (part of the structure of the ribosome)is produced

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6
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria

A

ATP production

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7
Q

Which structure is responsible for modifying sorting and packaging proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles

A

Golgi apparatus

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8
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum description/structure

A

-No ribosomes
-Series of interconnected member bound sacs and tubules
-membrane is phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins

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9
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesises and processes lipids. SER contains enzymes that catalyse reactions involved with lipid metabolism such as synthesis of cholesterol

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10
Q

What is the nuclear envelope structure

A

-Has pores
-Double membrane
- both the inner and outer membranes are phospholipid bilayers

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11
Q

Nuclear envelope function

A

Pores control the passage of ions, molecules and RNA between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm

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12
Q

Nucleus structure

A

-Has nucleolus
- nucleoplasm has chromatin and nucleolus
- has linear chromosomes that are made of DNA

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13
Q

Nucleus function

A

DNA in the nucleus contains a set of instructions for the synthesis of proteins

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14
Q

Nucleolus structure

A

-Dense body in the nucleus
-made of proteins,RNA and DNA
-largest sub structure in the nucleus

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15
Q

Nucleolus function

A

Site where ribosomes are made

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16
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Produces ATP via aerobic respiration

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17
Q

Mitochondria structure

A

-Double membrane
- has own ribosomes and DNA
-area surrounded by folds is the mitochondria matrix which has enzymes for respiration
-each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
- inner layer of membrane has folds called cristae

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18
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Photosynthesis

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19
Q

Structure of chloroplast

A

-own DNA,ribosomes and outer membranes
- double membrane
- inside the inner membrane there are fluid filled sacs called thylakoids and each sac is called by granum which are linked by lamelle

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20
Q

Golgi apparatus structure

A

-series of flattened membrane-bound sacs called cristae
-Single membrane

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21
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A

Takes proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum and modify them by adding things like carbohydrates to these proteins

22
Q

Ribosomes function

A

Site of protein synthesis

23
Q

Ribosomes structure

A

-found in cytoplasm or bound to the rough endoplasmic reticulum
-small
- made of proteins

24
Q

Lysosomes structure

A

-Has hydrolytic enzymes which break down molecules/damaged cell components
- involved in phagocytosis

25
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Processes and folds proteins

26
Q

Function of flagella and cilla

A

-locomotion( ways organisms move from one place to another) they beat to propel cell through the fluid

27
Q

Structure of flagella and cilla

A

Composed of microtubles made from tublin arranged in a specific pattern

28
Q

Function of centrioles

A

Help chromosomes separate during cell division

29
Q

Structure of centrioles

A

-Most eukaryotic centrioles are found as pairs and a parallel to each other
-made up of nine bundles of Microtubules -cylinder shape
-composed mainly of a protein called Tubulin

30
Q

What are plasmids

A

Small circular loops of DNA in prokaryotic cells

31
Q

Plasmid role

A

Carry additional genes such as antibiotic resistance genes

32
Q

What are cell walls made up of in prokaryotic cells

A

Murein

33
Q

What is the relative ribosome size in prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

A

Pro= 70S
Eu = 80S

34
Q

flagellum function?

A

for locomotion

35
Q

What may occur when there is an unfolding of plasma membrane?

A

may form a photosynthetic membrane or carry out nitrogen fixation

36
Q

Pilli function?

A

for attachment to other cells or surfaces
Involved in sexual reproduction

37
Q

Capsule function?

A

Additional protection

38
Q

Mesosome function?

A

infolding of plasma membrane associated with DNA during cell division
helps with formation of new cell walls

39
Q

What are plasmids used in?

A

Genetic engineering

40
Q

How is DNA packaged in eukaryotic cells?

A

DNA is associated with histones (proteins) to form chromatin
This is then supercoiled into chromosomes

41
Q

Organelle?

A

Section of cell with specific function

42
Q

What are advantages of having organelles?

A

Compartmentalising the cell allows for distinct environments (for specific enzymes for a function)

43
Q

Vesicles function?

A

Used in transport of materials (protein) via fluid in membrane

44
Q

Cytoskeleton function?

A

Network of fibres responsible for shape and stability of the cell
Controls movement of cell and organelles

45
Q

Cytoskeleton structure?

A

3 components
Microfilaments
Microtubules
Intermediate fibres

46
Q

Cytoskeleton microfilaments?

A

Contrile fibres responsible for cell movement and contraction in cytokinesis

47
Q

Cytoskeleton microtubules?

A

Used to form scaffold like structure
Tracks movement of organelles

48
Q

Cytoskeleton intermediate fibres?

A

Gives mechanical strength to cell
Maintains their integrity

49
Q

What organelles are involved in protein synthesis? IN ORDER

A

Nucleus
Nucleus envelope
Nuclear pores
RER
Ribosomes
Vesicles
Goigi apparatus
Cell surface membrane

50
Q

what are the cytoskeletons functions

A

-provide support/ stability for the whole cell
-movement of Cilla and flagellum
-changing shape of cell
-movement of named (organelles)

51
Q

processes in cells that rely on cytoskeleton for movement

A

-RNA in protein synthesis
-cytoplasm in cytokinesis
chromosome in cell division

52
Q

How does the cytoskeleton move organelles around the cell

A

through the microtublin

A LEVEL BIOLOGY (9 decks)

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