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General Biology Q1 > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Basic building block that makes up all organisms

A

Cell

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2
Q

Large, complex molecules playing several critical roles in the body.

A

Proteins

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3
Q

Does most of the work in cells and are necessary for the tissues and organs of the body’s structure, function, and control.

A

Proteins

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4
Q

Hundreds or thousands of smaller units comprising in the proteins.

A

Amino acids

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5
Q

Provides energy, structural support and cellular communication

A

Carbohydrates

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6
Q

Has the most important function as a source of energy

A

Carbohydrates

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7
Q

Prevents the use of proteins

A

Carbohydrates

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8
Q

The basic building block for all cells

A

Lipids

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9
Q

Made up of fatty acids that can either be saturated or unsaturated

A

Lipids

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10
Q

Important components of the plasma membrane and other cellular compartments

A

Lipids

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11
Q

They can have structural or signaling roles

A

Lipids

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12
Q

“Thread of life”

A

Nucleic acids

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13
Q

Two types of nucleic acids

A
  1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
  2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
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14
Q

More complex type of cell

A

Eukaryotes

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15
Q

Includes humans, protists, fungi, plants, and animals

A

Eukaryotes

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16
Q

Eukaryotic cell’s basic structure

A
  1. Cell membrane (Plasma membrane)
  2. Nucleus
  3. Cytoplasm
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17
Q

[CHARACTERISTIC]

Selectively permeable boundary of the cell

A

Cell membrane

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18
Q

[LOCATION]

Where is the cell membrane located? (animal cell)

A

Cell wall

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19
Q

[LOCATION]

Where is the cell membrane located? (plant cell)

A

Between the cytoplasm and cell wall

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20
Q

[COMPOSITION]

Composed of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins and short carbohydrate chains

A

Cell membrane

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21
Q

[FUNCTION]

Regulates what enters or exits the cell

A

Cell membrane

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22
Q

[FUNCTION]

Separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment

A

Cell membrane

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23
Q

All parts of the cell inside the membrane but outside the nucleus (within the cell membrane)

A

Cytoplasm

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24
Q

Contains a cytosol which is a thick, aqueous solution of salts surrounding the organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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25
Q

Includes all cytoplasmic organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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26
Q

Nutrients and mineral spread here

A

Cytoplasm

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27
Q

The constant motion of this gel-like substance is called?

A

Cytoplasmic streaming or cyclosis

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28
Q

Specialized structures within the cell that are enclosed within their own lipid bilayers

A

Membrane-bound organelles

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29
Q

Membrane-bound organelles

A

Nucleus
Nucleolus
Nuclear Membrane

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30
Q

Control center of cell activities

A

Nucleus

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31
Q

Made of DNA organized in chromosomes

A

Nucleus

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32
Q

Suspension substance of organelles

A

Nucleoplasm

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33
Q

Nucleus: made of?

‘yung tatlong n xD

A

Nucleoplasm
Nucleololus
Nuclear Membrane

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34
Q

Contains nuclear pores

A

Nuclear membrane

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35
Q

Hereditary material of the cell

A

DNA

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36
Q

Double-stranded molecule, shaped like a twisted ladder or a double helix

A

DNA

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37
Q

Organized in chromosomes

A

DNA

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38
Q

Location of DNA in human cells

A

Nucleus

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39
Q

Location of DNA in mitochondria

A

Mitochondrial DNA

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40
Q

Location of DNA in prokaryotic cell

A

Cytoplasm

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41
Q

Each strand of DNA is made up of a sequence of ?

A

Nucleotides

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42
Q

Basic units of DNA

A

Nucleotides

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43
Q

Two strands of DNA are held together by ?

A

Hydrogen bonds

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44
Q

DNA base pairs

A

Adenine - Thymine
Cytosine - Guanine

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45
Q

Stores and transmits genetic information

46
Q

Carries the instruction for making all the proteins required by an organism

47
Q

Replicates itself during cell division, ensuring that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic instructions

48
Q

DNA (full)

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

49
Q

Inside the nucleus; may have 1 to 4 nucleoli

50
Q

Disappears when the cell divides

51
Q

Makes ribosomes that make proteins

52
Q

Double membrane surrounding the nucleus

A

Nuclear membrane

53
Q

Contains nuclear pores to regulate movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus

A

Nuclear membrane

54
Q

Connected to the rough ER

A

Nuclear membrane

55
Q

Found majority on eukayotic cells; considered as the largest organelle (10% of the cell’s volume)

A

Nuclear membrane

56
Q

The process of selectively permeable nuclear envelope that separates the contents of the nucleus from that of the cytoplasm.

A

Cell compartmentalization

57
Q

Involves FIRST TRANSCRIPTION, which is the mechanism by which DNA is transcribed to mRNA

A

Gene expression

58
Q

Transcription center

59
Q

Processing of pre-mRNA involves the newly synthesized mRNA molecules. Before it exits the nucleus, it undergoes a process known as?

A

Post-transcriptional modification

60
Q

Molecules are added or removed from the structure

A

Post-transcriptional modification

61
Q

Membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Vacuoles & Vesicles
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
Mitochondria

Chloroplast
Glyoxisomes
Spherosome

EnGoVaLyPeMiChloGlySphe

62
Q

Network of hollow membrane tubules

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

63
Q

Major site of synthesis in the cell

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

64
Q

A flattened sac network (cisternae) that is continuous with the outer nuclear membrane

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

65
Q

Connects to nuclear envelope and cell membrane

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

66
Q

The ER closely links to that of the golgi apparatus and together they form ?

A

The cell’s secretary route

67
Q

Functions in synthesis & transport of cell products

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

68
Q

Less widespread; is not associated with ribosomes

69
Q

Certain specialized tissues; extensive smooth ER

A

Steroidogenic cells & muscles

70
Q

Important in lipids, phospholipids, and steroids synthesis

71
Q

Lacks ribosomes on its surface; is attached to the ends of the rough ER

72
Q

Makes cell products that are USED INSIDE the cell

73
Q

Smooth ER contains ? that are essential to some drugs and toxins

A

Cytochrome p450 enzymes

74
Q

Functions of the Smooth ER

A

— Part of the process of modification involving folding up, forming proteins
— Makes membrane lipids (steroids)
— Metabolizes carbohydrates
— Stores and regulates calcium ions (muscle cells)
— Detoxifies drugs and poisons (liver)

75
Q

Has ribosomes on its surface; makes membrane proteins and proteins for EXPORT out of the cell

76
Q

Proteins are made by ?

A

Ribosomes on the ER’s surface

77
Q

Proteins are then ? to be modified and transported

A

Threaded into the interior of the ER

78
Q

Plays a role in the modification of protein, such as folding and adding sugar groups to form GLYCOPROTEINS

79
Q

Made up of proteins and rRNA

80
Q

“Protein factories”

81
Q

___ joins amino acids together by a process called ?

A

Ribosomes; protein synthesis

82
Q

A group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

A

Endomembrane System

83
Q

The endomembrane system

A

Nuclear Envelope
Lysosomes
Vesicles
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus

84
Q

[GOLGI APPARATUS]

Carbohydrate regions of glycoproteins are altered by addition, removal or modification of carbohydrates

A

Protein Processing

85
Q

[GOLGI APPARATUS]

Adds phosphate groups and glycoproteins to lipids from ER (eg cholesterol) to create the phospholipids that make up the cell membrane

A

Lipid Processing

86
Q

Packaged into vesicled specific to it

A

Lysosomal Proteins (Enzymes)

87
Q

Packaged into exocytosis-ready secretory vesicles

A

Secretory Proteins (Hormones)

88
Q

Enter constitutive secretory pathway present in all cells

A

Cell Surface Proteins (Phospholipids)

89
Q

Stacks of flattened sacs

A

Golgi Apparatus

90
Q

Receiving side of golgi apparatus

91
Q

Shipping side of golgi apparatus

A

Trans face

92
Q

Receives proteins made by ER

A

Golgi apparatus

93
Q

Modifies, sorts & packs ER products for storage or transport out of cell

A

Golgi apparatus

94
Q

Transports vesicles with modified proteins pinched off the ends

A

Golgi apparatus

95
Q

Site of cellular respiration (burning of glucose)

A

Mitochondria

96
Q

Powerhouse of the cell

A

Mitochondria

97
Q

Arranged in cristae in order to increase the surface area available for energy production

A

Mitochondria

98
Q

Generates biologically available energy (ATP)

A

Mitochondria

99
Q

Helps MAINTAIN THE INTRACELLULAR ENVIRONMENT as it stores caspases responsible for triggering apoptosis and able to transiently store calcium contributing to CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS

A

Mitochondria

100
Q

Contains digestive enzymes

101
Q

Breaks down food, bacteria, and worn out cell parts

102
Q

Programmed for cell death

103
Q

Suicidal bags

104
Q

Other term for cell death

105
Q

Lyses (break open) & releases enzymes to break down and recycle cell parts

106
Q

Membrane-bound vesicles; contains oxidative enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water

A

Peroxisomes

107
Q

Involved in the synthesis of lipid-like cholesterol and plasmalogens

A

Peroxisome

108
Q

A family of phospholipids in which one of the hydrocarbon chains is joined to glycerol by an ether bond rather than an
ester bond.

A

Plasmalogens

109
Q

What produces hydrogen peroxide then converts it to water

A

Oxidative enzymes

110
Q

For lipid metabolism and conversion of fatty acid to sugar

A

Peroxisomes

111
Q

Fluid-filled sacs for storage

112
Q

Small; fewer or absent in ANIMAL CELLS

General Biology Q1 (8 decks)

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