Cell Structure Flashcards by Skye Fuller

What are prokaryotic organisms made up of

Prokaryotic cells

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What are eukaryotic organisms made up of

Eukaryotic cells

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What’s are eukaryotic cells

Complex and incline animal and plant cells

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What are prokaryotic cells

Smaller and simpler
Eg. Bacteria

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What do both eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells contain?

Organelles

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Nucleus

Contains genetic material (DNA) that controls what the cells does

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Cytoplasm

Contains enzymes that speed up biochemical reactions

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Cell surface membrane

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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Mitrocondria

Where glucose and oxygen are used in respiration to provide a source of energy for the cell

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Rigid cell wall

Made of cellulose, gives the cell support

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Vacuole

Contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salt

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Chloroplasts

Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis. They’re found in the green parts of plants
Eg. Leaves and stem

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Are bacteria cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic

Prokaryotic

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Prokaryotes are roughly a ——— of the size of eukaryotic cells

Tenth

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What don’t prokaryotic cells contain

Nucleus
Mitrocondria
Chloroplasts

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As prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, what happens to their DNA

It floats freely in the cytoplasm
So,me also have rings of DNA called plasmids

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What do some prokaryotes have which rotates and allows the cell to move

Flagellum

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A light microscope can magnify objects up to how many times

1500x

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What does a light microscope allow you to see

Individual animal and plant cells along with so,e of the organelles inside them

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What can you see with a light microscope if the cells have been stained

A dark coloured nucleus surrounded by a light coloured cytoplasm

Tiny Mitrocondria and the black line of the cell membrane are also visible

In plant cells the cell wall, chloroplasts and the vacuole can be seen

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Coarse adjustment knob

To bring the specimen roughly into focus

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Fine adjustment knob

To Finley tune the focus

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High and low power objective lenses

These magnify the specimen

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The detailed ultrastructure of cells was revealed in the —— after the —— was invented

1950s
Electron microscope

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An electron microscope can magnify objects more than - - - - times

500,000

What can u see with a electron microscope

The detailed structures inside organelles such as Mitochondria and chloroplasts

The image that’s recorded with an electron microscope is called what

An electron micrograph

What does the nucleus contain

DNA- the coded information needed for making proteins

During cell division the chromosomes carrying the long DNA molecules do what?

Coil up and become shorter and thicker and visible with a light microscope

Electron micrographs show that there’s a what round the nucleus

Double membrane

What does DNA stand for

Deoxyribonucleic acid

Where does aerobic respiration take place

The mitochondria

mitochondria are about the size of —— so can be seen with

Bacteria Light microscope but you need an electron microscope to see any detail

What does each mitochondria have

A smooth outer membrane and a folded inner membrane

What is the job of mitochondria

Is to capture the energy in glucose in a form that the cell can use, to do thus aerobic respiration takes place inside the mitochondria.

Aerobic respiration equation (word)

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

What does the energy releases by respiration end up in molecules of

ATP

What does ATP stand for

Adenosine triphosphate

What is ATP used in

The cell to provide energy for muscle contraction, active transport (called active uptake as well) and building large molecules from small ones, as well as many other processes

What is the plant cell wall for

Relatively rigid and provides support for the cell

What does plant cell wall consist of

Bundles of long, straight cellulose molecules, The cellulose molecules lay side by side to form microfibrils

What is cell surface membrane

Very chin structure around an individual cell

What does a electron micrograph show the cell surface membrane consists of

A double layer of phospholipid molecules tightly packed together Bigger protein molecules are embedded in the phospholipid molecules Some proteins go all the way through the membrane and some only go halfway Membranes surrounding the organelles inside cells have the same structure

Cell surface membranes can also be called

Plasma membranes

How many differnt methods can substances pass through membranes

Since the membrane only allows certain substances through it is described as what?

Partially permeable

What are the 4 methrods that substances can pass through membranes

Diffusion Osmosis Facilitates diffusion Active transport

Describe diffusion

Liquids and gasss are constantly moving about. This movements cause the particles to spread form an area of higher concentration. To an area of lower conc. Particles will diffuse through the cell membrane as long as they are small enough to pass through the very small gaps between the phospholipid molecules

What molecules can pass through the phospholipid molecules during diffusion

Water Oxygen Carbon dioxide

Describe osmosis

Diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher conc. of water molecules to a region of lower conc. of water molecules.

Does the cell need to provide energy for osmosis

Does the cell need to provide energy for diffusion

What is the conc of water molecules also referred to as in osmosis

Water potential

If molecules are too big to diffuse across the membrane (eg, glucose and many other water-soluble molecules) what must happen

They must be helped across by carrier proteins Each substance has its own specific carrier protein

How do carrier proteins work in facilitated diffusion (with glucose as an example)

A molecule of glucose fits onto the outside of the glucose carrier protein. This causes the protein to change shape, allowing the glucose molecules to diffuse through it into the cytoplasm of the cell.

Does the cell need to provide energy for facilitated diffusion

Mineral ions like sodium and potassium have electrical charges on them so they need help across the membrane - with what

Specific channel proteins in the membrane allow them to diffuse through

When is active transport used

When a cell needs to move substances across the membrane form a region of lower conc. to a region of higher conc

Does the cell need to provide energy for active transport

Yes

How does active transport work

The substance fits into a specific carrier protein, then molecules of ATP provide the energy to change the shape of the protein. As it changes shape, the protein actively transported the substance across the membrane

What are special carrier proteins sometimes called ( in active uptake)

Pumps Because they’re moving substances against conc. Gradient