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Biology - BW > Cell Structure > Flashcards

Cell Structure Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are prokaryotic organisms made up of

A

Prokaryotic cells

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2
Q

What are eukaryotic organisms made up of

A

Eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

What’s are eukaryotic cells

A

Complex and incline animal and plant cells

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4
Q

What are prokaryotic cells

A

Smaller and simpler
Eg. Bacteria

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5
Q

What do both eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells contain?

A

Organelles

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6
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material (DNA) that controls what the cells does

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Contains enzymes that speed up biochemical reactions

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8
Q

Cell surface membrane

A

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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9
Q

Mitrocondria

A

Where glucose and oxygen are used in respiration to provide a source of energy for the cell

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10
Q

Rigid cell wall

A

Made of cellulose, gives the cell support

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11
Q

Vacuole

A

Contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salt

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12
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis. They’re found in the green parts of plants
Eg. Leaves and stem

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13
Q

Are bacteria cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic

A

Prokaryotic

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14
Q

Prokaryotes are roughly a ——— of the size of eukaryotic cells

A

Tenth

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15
Q

What don’t prokaryotic cells contain

A

Nucleus
Mitrocondria
Chloroplasts

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16
Q

As prokaryotes don’t have a nucleus, what happens to their DNA

A

It floats freely in the cytoplasm
So,me also have rings of DNA called plasmids

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17
Q

What do some prokaryotes have which rotates and allows the cell to move

A

Flagellum

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18
Q

A light microscope can magnify objects up to how many times

A

1500x

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19
Q

What does a light microscope allow you to see

A

Individual animal and plant cells along with so,e of the organelles inside them

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20
Q

What can you see with a light microscope if the cells have been stained

A

A dark coloured nucleus surrounded by a light coloured cytoplasm

Tiny Mitrocondria and the black line of the cell membrane are also visible

In plant cells the cell wall, chloroplasts and the vacuole can be seen

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21
Q

Coarse adjustment knob

A

To bring the specimen roughly into focus

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22
Q

Fine adjustment knob

A

To Finley tune the focus

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23
Q

High and low power objective lenses

A

These magnify the specimen

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24
Q

The detailed ultrastructure of cells was revealed in the —— after the —— was invented

A

1950s
Electron microscope

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25
Q

An electron microscope can magnify objects more than - - - - times

A

500,000

26
Q

What can u see with a electron microscope

A

The detailed structures inside organelles such as Mitochondria and chloroplasts

27
Q

The image that’s recorded with an electron microscope is called what

A

An electron micrograph

28
Q

What does the nucleus contain

A

DNA- the coded information needed for making proteins

29
Q

During cell division the chromosomes carrying the long DNA molecules do what?

A

Coil up and become shorter and thicker and visible with a light microscope

30
Q

Electron micrographs show that there’s a what round the nucleus

A

Double membrane

31
Q

What does DNA stand for

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

32
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place

A

The mitochondria

33
Q

mitochondria are about the size of —— so can be seen with

A

Bacteria
Light microscope but you need an electron microscope to see any detail

34
Q

What does each mitochondria have

A

A smooth outer membrane and a folded inner membrane

35
Q

What is the job of mitochondria

A

Is to capture the energy in glucose in a form that the cell can use, to do thus aerobic respiration takes place inside the mitochondria.

36
Q

Aerobic respiration equation (word)

A

Glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

37
Q

What does the energy releases by respiration end up in molecules of

A

ATP

38
Q

What does ATP stand for

A

Adenosine triphosphate

39
Q

What is ATP used in

A

The cell to provide energy for muscle contraction, active transport (called active uptake as well) and building large molecules from small ones, as well as many other processes

40
Q

What is the plant cell wall for

A

Relatively rigid and provides support for the cell

41
Q

What does plant cell wall consist of

A

Bundles of long, straight cellulose molecules,
The cellulose molecules lay side by side to form microfibrils

42
Q

What is cell surface membrane

A

Very chin structure around an individual cell

43
Q

What does a electron micrograph show the cell surface membrane consists of

A

A double layer of phospholipid molecules tightly packed together
Bigger protein molecules are embedded in the phospholipid molecules
Some proteins go all the way through the membrane and some only go halfway
Membranes surrounding the organelles inside cells have the same structure

44
Q

Cell surface membranes can also be called

A

Plasma membranes

45
Q

How many differnt methods can substances pass through membranes

A

4

46
Q

Since the membrane only allows certain substances through it is described as what?

A

Partially permeable

47
Q

What are the 4 methrods that substances can pass through membranes

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitates diffusion
Active transport

48
Q

Describe diffusion

A

Liquids and gasss are constantly moving about.
This movements cause the particles to spread form an area of higher concentration. To an area of lower conc.

Particles will diffuse through the cell membrane as long as they are small enough to pass through the very small gaps between the phospholipid molecules

49
Q

What molecules can pass through the phospholipid molecules during diffusion

A

Water
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide

50
Q

Describe osmosis

A

Diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher conc. of water molecules to a region of lower conc. of water molecules.

51
Q

Does the cell need to provide energy for osmosis

A

No

52
Q

Does the cell need to provide energy for diffusion

A

No

53
Q

What is the conc of water molecules also referred to as in osmosis

A

Water potential

54
Q

If molecules are too big to diffuse across the membrane (eg, glucose and many other water-soluble molecules) what must happen

A

They must be helped across by carrier proteins
Each substance has its own specific carrier protein

55
Q

How do carrier proteins work in facilitated diffusion (with glucose as an example)

A

A molecule of glucose fits onto the outside of the glucose carrier protein. This causes the protein to change shape, allowing the glucose molecules to diffuse through it into the cytoplasm of the cell.

56
Q

Does the cell need to provide energy for facilitated diffusion

A

No

57
Q

Mineral ions like sodium and potassium have electrical charges on them so they need help across the membrane - with what

A

Specific channel proteins in the membrane allow them to diffuse through

58
Q

When is active transport used

A

When a cell needs to move substances across the membrane form a region of lower conc. to a region of higher conc

59
Q

Does the cell need to provide energy for active transport

A

Yes

60
Q

How does active transport work

A

The substance fits into a specific carrier protein, then molecules of ATP provide the energy to change the shape of the protein. As it changes shape, the protein actively transported the substance across the membrane

61
Q

What are special carrier proteins sometimes called ( in active uptake)

A

Pumps
Because they’re moving substances against conc. Gradient

Biology - BW (8 decks)

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