Biological Molecules

Question 1

What are proteins composed of

Answer 1

Long chains of amino acids

Question 2

How many differnt amino acids are there in a protein

Answer 2

20

Question 3

What do all amino acids contain

Answer 3

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and some container sulphur

Question 4

Do all amino acids have the same structure?

Answer 4

Yes
Check you know the structure
(Card one)

Question 5

What AreThe amino acids in a protein chain are attached to each other by ?

Answer 5

Strong peptide bonds

Question 6

Can amino acids be arranged in any sequence

Answer 6

Yes

Question 7

How many amino acids can be in a protein

Answer 7

Up to several hundred

Question 8

The —— of the amino acid in a protein determines its structure

Answer 8

Order

Question 9

What does the structure of a protein determin

Answer 9

How it works

Question 10

T or F
Each protein has its own special shape

Answer 10

T

Question 11

What is a primary structure
(Proteins)

Answer 11

The order in which the amino acids are arranged in a protein chain

Question 12

What is the secondary structure of a protein

Answer 12

Some chains coil up or fold into pleats that are held together by weak forces of chemical attraction called hydrogen bonds.

Question 13

What are tertiary structure proteins

Answer 13

(Especially enzymes)
The coiled chain of amino acids is folded into a ball that’s held together by a mixture of weak chemical bonds (eg, hydrogen bonds and stronger bonds eg. Disulfide bonds)

Question 14

What is it called if a protein has a roughly spherical shape

Answer 14

Globular proteins

Question 15

Example of a globular protein

Answer 15

Enzymes

Question 16

How many elements does carbohydrates contain

Answer 16

3

Question 17

What elements do carbohydrates contain

Answer 17

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

Question 18

Examples of carbohydrates

Answer 18

Sugars
Starch
Cellulose

Question 19

What are sugars

Answer 19

Small, water soluble molecules that taste sweet

Question 20

What 2 groups are sugars divided into

Answer 20

Monosaccharides
And
Disaccharides

Question 21

What are monosaccharides

Answer 21

The single units from which all the other carbohydrates are built

Question 22

Examples of monosaccharides

Answer 22

Glucose and fructose

Question 23

What are the 2 forms of glucose

Answer 23

Alpha and beta

Question 24

What are disaccharides

Answer 24

They are formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined together by a chemical reaction
A water is also formed
(So is called a condensation reaction)

Question 25

Glucose + glucose —>

Answer 25

Maltose (a disaccharide) + water

Question 26

Glucose + fructose —> sucrose (a disaccharide) + water

Question 27

What are polysaccharides

Answer 27

Polymers (large molecules made up of monomers)

Question 28

What are the monomers of polysaccharides

Answer 28

Monosaccharides

Question 29

What 2 differnt polysaccharides is starch molecules made up of

Answer 29

Amylose and amylopectin (Which are polymers of glucose)

Question 30

What are amylose amd amylopectin

Answer 30

Polymers of glucose They are insoluble, compact starch molecules that make them an ideal way of storing glucose

Question 31

T or F Starch is only found in plant cells

Answer 31

T

Question 32

What is cellulose

Answer 32

A polysaccharide It is a polymer of glucose ( alike starch but the bonding is differnt between the glucose units)

Question 33

What are cellulose molecules arranged like

Answer 33

Long and straight

Question 34

Several cellulose molecules can lie side by side to from what?

Answer 34

Microfibrils

Question 35

What are molecules held together by in microfibrils

Answer 35

Many weak hydrogen bonds

Question 36

T or f Cellulose is found in both plant and animal cells

Answer 36

F

Question 37

What do microfibrils do

Answer 37

Strengthen plant cells walls

Question 38

What do lipids contain

Answer 38

Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

Question 39

What are lipids (ex)

Answer 39

Oils Fats

Question 40

Plant oils and animal fats are mostly made up of a group of lipids called?

Answer 40

Triglycerides

Question 41

A triglyceride consist of what?

Answer 41

A molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached to it

Question 42

What is a fatty acid molecule

Answer 42

A long chain of carbon atoms with an acidic group (-COOH) on one end. Hydrogen atoms are attached to carbon atoms

Question 43

What do we say in a fatty acid molecule if every carbon atom in the chain is joined by a single bond

Answer 43

Saturated

Question 44

What do we say in a fatty acid molecule if one or more bond is a double bond.

Answer 44

Unsaturated

Question 45

A fatty acid with many double bonds is called what?

Answer 45

Polyunsaturated

Question 46

What are phospholipids

Answer 46

A special type of lipid that have 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group and a glycerol

Question 47

What are cell membranes made from

Answer 47

A double lay of phospholipids

Question 48

What are enzymes

Answer 48

Help speed up biochemical reactions (Biological catalysis) They increase the rate of reactions

Question 49

Thousands of biochemical reactions take place every second, what is the sum of these reactions called

Answer 49

Metabolism

Question 50

What is a metabolic pathway

Answer 50

A single chain of biochemical reactions

Question 51

How do enzymes act as catalysts

Answer 51

Enzymes reduce the activation energy

Question 52

What determines how an enzymes works

Answer 52

The order of amino acids determines its structure so determines how it works

Question 53

Examples of what enzymes are involved in

Answer 53

Breaking sown molecules (such as digestive enzymes ) Building up molecules (such as DNA replication )

Question 54

What is a substrate

Answer 54

A substance that’s acted upon by an enzyme

Question 55

What is the active site

Answer 55

A region on the surface of the enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule can attach itself. It’s where the catalysed reaction takes place.

Question 56

the shape of the substrate molecule and the chase of the active site are — ——?

Answer 56

Complementary

Question 57

Once the enzyme-substrate complex has formed what is released

Answer 57

Products

Question 58

T or f Enzymes catalyse many reactions

Answer 58

F They usually only catalyse one specific chemical reaction

Question 59

Why do enzymes only catalyse one specific reaction

Answer 59

The substrate molecules must be the correct shape to fit the active site Only one substrate will be the correct shape to fit

Question 60

What will happen to the enzyme if the active site is changed

Answer 60

It will affect how well the enzyme works

Question 61

How does temp. Effect enzyme activity

Answer 61

As temp inc. enzyme reactions become faster because the molecules have more energy

Question 62

What happens if temp. Becomes too high for enzymes

Answer 62

The atoms of the enzyme molecules vibrate more rapidly and break the weak bonds that hold the tertiary structure together . The shape of the active site changes and the substrate can no longer fit. The enzyme is said to be denatured

Question 63

Aside from temp, what else can denature enzymes

Answer 63

Acids and alkalis

Question 64

How can too strong acids and alkalis affect enzyme activity

Answer 64

Hydrogen ions in acids and hydroxyl ions in alkalis can disrupt weak bonds and change the shape of the active site