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Biology - BW > Biological Molecules > Flashcards

Biological Molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are proteins composed of

A

Long chains of amino acids

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2
Q

How many differnt amino acids are there in a protein

A

20

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3
Q

What do all amino acids contain

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and some container sulphur

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4
Q

Do all amino acids have the same structure?

A

Yes
Check you know the structure
(Card one)

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5
Q

What AreThe amino acids in a protein chain are attached to each other by ?

A

Strong peptide bonds

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6
Q

Can amino acids be arranged in any sequence

A

Yes

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7
Q

How many amino acids can be in a protein

A

Up to several hundred

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8
Q

The —— of the amino acid in a protein determines its structure

A

Order

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9
Q

What does the structure of a protein determin

A

How it works

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10
Q

T or F
Each protein has its own special shape

A

T

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11
Q

What is a primary structure
(Proteins)

A

The order in which the amino acids are arranged in a protein chain

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12
Q

What is the secondary structure of a protein

A

Some chains coil up or fold into pleats that are held together by weak forces of chemical attraction called hydrogen bonds.

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13
Q

What are tertiary structure proteins

A

(Especially enzymes)
The coiled chain of amino acids is folded into a ball that’s held together by a mixture of weak chemical bonds (eg, hydrogen bonds and stronger bonds eg. Disulfide bonds)

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14
Q

What is it called if a protein has a roughly spherical shape

A

Globular proteins

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15
Q

Example of a globular protein

A

Enzymes

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16
Q

How many elements does carbohydrates contain

A

3

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17
Q

What elements do carbohydrates contain

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

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18
Q

Examples of carbohydrates

A

Sugars
Starch
Cellulose

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19
Q

What are sugars

A

Small, water soluble molecules that taste sweet

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20
Q

What 2 groups are sugars divided into

A

Monosaccharides
And
Disaccharides

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21
Q

What are monosaccharides

A

The single units from which all the other carbohydrates are built

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22
Q

Examples of monosaccharides

A

Glucose and fructose

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23
Q

What are the 2 forms of glucose

A

Alpha and beta

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24
Q

What are disaccharides

A

They are formed when 2 monosaccharides are joined together by a chemical reaction
A water is also formed
(So is called a condensation reaction)

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25
Q

Glucose + glucose —>

A

Maltose (a disaccharide) + water

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26
Q

Glucose + fructose —> sucrose (a disaccharide) + water

A
27
Q

What are polysaccharides

A

Polymers (large molecules made up of monomers)

28
Q

What are the monomers of polysaccharides

A

Monosaccharides

29
Q

What 2 differnt polysaccharides is starch molecules made up of

A

Amylose and amylopectin
(Which are polymers of glucose)

30
Q

What are amylose amd amylopectin

A

Polymers of glucose
They are insoluble, compact starch molecules that make them an ideal way of storing glucose

31
Q

T or F
Starch is only found in plant cells

A

T

32
Q

What is cellulose

A

A polysaccharide
It is a polymer of glucose ( alike starch but the bonding is differnt between the glucose units)

33
Q

What are cellulose molecules arranged like

A

Long and straight

34
Q

Several cellulose molecules can lie side by side to from what?

A

Microfibrils

35
Q

What are molecules held together by in microfibrils

A

Many weak hydrogen bonds

36
Q

T or f
Cellulose is found in both plant and animal cells

A

F

37
Q

What do microfibrils do

A

Strengthen plant cells walls

38
Q

What do lipids contain

A

Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

39
Q

What are lipids (ex)

A

Oils
Fats

40
Q

Plant oils and animal fats are mostly made up of a group of lipids called?

A

Triglycerides

41
Q

A triglyceride consist of what?

A

A molecule of glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached to it

42
Q

What is a fatty acid molecule

A

A long chain of carbon atoms with an acidic group (-COOH) on one end.
Hydrogen atoms are attached to carbon atoms

43
Q

What do we say in a fatty acid molecule if every carbon atom in the chain is joined by a single bond

A

Saturated

44
Q

What do we say in a fatty acid molecule if one or more bond is a double bond.

A

Unsaturated

45
Q

A fatty acid with many double bonds is called what?

A

Polyunsaturated

46
Q

What are phospholipids

A

A special type of lipid that have 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group and a glycerol

47
Q

What are cell membranes made from

A

A double lay of phospholipids

48
Q

What are enzymes

A

Help speed up biochemical reactions
(Biological catalysis)
They increase the rate of reactions

49
Q

Thousands of biochemical reactions take place every second, what is the sum of these reactions called

A

Metabolism

50
Q

What is a metabolic pathway

A

A single chain of biochemical reactions

51
Q

How do enzymes act as catalysts

A

Enzymes reduce the activation energy

52
Q

What determines how an enzymes works

A

The order of amino acids determines its structure so determines how it works

53
Q

Examples of what enzymes are involved in

A

Breaking sown molecules (such as digestive enzymes )

Building up molecules (such as DNA replication )

54
Q

What is a substrate

A

A substance that’s acted upon by an enzyme

55
Q

What is the active site

A

A region on the surface of the enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule can attach itself. It’s where the catalysed reaction takes place.

56
Q

the shape of the substrate molecule and the chase of the active site are — ——?

A

Complementary

57
Q

Once the enzyme-substrate complex has formed what is released

A

Products

58
Q

T or f
Enzymes catalyse many reactions

A

F
They usually only catalyse one specific chemical reaction

59
Q

Why do enzymes only catalyse one specific reaction

A

The substrate molecules must be the correct shape to fit the active site
Only one substrate will be the correct shape to fit

60
Q

What will happen to the enzyme if the active site is changed

A

It will affect how well the enzyme works

61
Q

How does temp. Effect enzyme activity

A

As temp inc. enzyme reactions become faster because the molecules have more energy

62
Q

What happens if temp. Becomes too high for enzymes

A

The atoms of the enzyme molecules vibrate more rapidly and break the weak bonds that hold the tertiary structure together .
The shape of the active site changes and the substrate can no longer fit.
The enzyme is said to be denatured

63
Q

Aside from temp, what else can denature enzymes

A

Acids and alkalis

64
Q

How can too strong acids and alkalis affect enzyme activity

A

Hydrogen ions in acids and hydroxyl ions in alkalis can disrupt weak bonds and change the shape of the active site

Biology - BW (8 decks)

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