cell specialisation and division

Question 1

watch mitosis video
DONT GET DISTRACTED XXX

Answer 1

💖💖

Question 2

what are some red blood cell specialisations

Answer 2

biconcave disc shape
large sa
no nucleus
contain haemoglobin

Question 3

muscle cell specialisations

Answer 3

elongated
many mitochondria
can contract

Question 4

eggcell specialisations

Answer 4

can be giant
half the normal number of chromsomes

Question 5

nerve cell specialisations

Answer 5

long and thin
form connections with neurones and muscle cells
carry electrical impulses

Question 6

sperm cell specialisations

Answer 6

half normal number of chromosomes
many mitochondria
long tail
acrosome contains digestive enzymes

Question 7

root hair cell

Answer 7

thin cell wall
large sa
many mitochondria for respiration

Question 8

stem cells are…
which ….
into…..
their ability to do this is called …..

Answer 8

unspecialised cells
differentiate
all the types of cells
pluripotent

Question 9

stem cells can

Answer 9

self renew 🩷➡️🩷
⬇️
🩷
or can use differentiation 🩷➡️💖
⬇️
💖

Question 10

organism ➡️ … ➡️ organ ➡️ …. ➡️ cell

Answer 10

organ system
tissue

Question 11

what does pmat stand for

Answer 11

stages for mitosis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telephase

Question 12

what does an embryonic stem cell have the ability to do

Answer 12

it has the ability to turn into any type of specialised cell

Question 13

name 2 pros and 2 cons of embryonic stem cells

Answer 13

pros
can treat a wide variety of diseases/problems
painless
using them is better than wasting them
many available/plentiful

cons
(possible) harm/death to embryo
embryo cannot be ‘asked’/ embryo rights idea
(relayively) untested/unreliable/may not work
unknown long term effects
cancer

Question 14

name 2 pros and cons of adult bone marrow stem cells

Answer 14

pros
quick recovery
(relatively) safe / doesnt kill donor/low risk
well tried/tested/know they work
quick recovery
no ethical issues (in collection) or permission that needs to be given

cons
few types of cell/ tissue produced or few diseases/problems treated
painful so may deter donors
operation hazards eg infection

Question 15

what increases the effectiveness of an exchange surface

Answer 15

large sa ➡️ more space for diffusion to occur ➡️ faster rate of diffusion
wall 1 cell thick ➡️ short diffusion path ➡️ faster rate of diffusion
good blood supply ➡️ maintains a steel conc. gradient ➡️ faster rate of diffusion
well ventilated ➡️ maintains a steep conc. gradient ➡️ faster rate of diffusion

Question 16

where are meristems found

Answer 16

tip of roots and shoots and around the vascular tissue in stems

Question 17

stem cells can be used to cure

Answer 17

blood cancers such as leukemia, multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Blood disorders such as sickle cell anemia
Broken bones
Spinal cord injury, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease or other neurological