cell specialisation and division Flashcards
watch mitosis video
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what are some red blood cell specialisations
biconcave disc shape
large sa
no nucleus
contain haemoglobin
muscle cell specialisations
elongated
many mitochondria
can contract
eggcell specialisations
can be giant
half the normal number of chromsomes
nerve cell specialisations
long and thin
form connections with neurones and muscle cells
carry electrical impulses
sperm cell specialisations
half normal number of chromosomes
many mitochondria
long tail
acrosome contains digestive enzymes
root hair cell
thin cell wall
large sa
many mitochondria for respiration
stem cells are…
which ….
into…..
their ability to do this is called …..
unspecialised cells
differentiate
all the types of cells
pluripotent
stem cells can
self renew 🩷➡️🩷
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or can use differentiation 🩷➡️💖
⬇️
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organism ➡️ … ➡️ organ ➡️ …. ➡️ cell
organ system
tissue
what does pmat stand for
stages for mitosis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telephase
what does an embryonic stem cell have the ability to do
it has the ability to turn into any type of specialised cell
name 2 pros and 2 cons of embryonic stem cells
pros
can treat a wide variety of diseases/problems
painless
using them is better than wasting them
many available/plentiful
cons
(possible) harm/death to embryo
embryo cannot be ‘asked’/ embryo rights idea
(relayively) untested/unreliable/may not work
unknown long term effects
cancer
name 2 pros and cons of adult bone marrow stem cells
pros
quick recovery
(relatively) safe / doesnt kill donor/low risk
well tried/tested/know they work
quick recovery
no ethical issues (in collection) or permission that needs to be given
cons
few types of cell/ tissue produced or few diseases/problems treated
painful so may deter donors
operation hazards eg infection
what increases the effectiveness of an exchange surface
large sa ➡️ more space for diffusion to occur ➡️ faster rate of diffusion
wall 1 cell thick ➡️ short diffusion path ➡️ faster rate of diffusion
good blood supply ➡️ maintains a steel conc. gradient ➡️ faster rate of diffusion
well ventilated ➡️ maintains a steep conc. gradient ➡️ faster rate of diffusion
where are meristems found
tip of roots and shoots and around the vascular tissue in stems
stem cells can be used to cure
blood cancers such as leukemia, multiple myeloma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Blood disorders such as sickle cell anemia
Broken bones
Spinal cord injury, stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease or other neurological
