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PHA 115 - Fundamentals Of Anatomy, Microbiology And Physiology > Cell Science - Cellular Process 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Cell Science - Cellular Process 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What does intracellular mean?

A

Within the cell

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2
Q

What does Extracellular mean?

A

Between the cells
E.g in blood vessels = plasma

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3
Q

What does solvent mean?

A

It’s the liquid doing the dissolving

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4
Q

What does solute mean?

A

It’s the dissolved material (particle or gas)

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5
Q

What does concentration mean?

A

It’s the amount of solute in a given amount of solvent

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6
Q

What does Concentration Gradient mean?

A

It’s the Difference in concentration between 2 area of solution

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7
Q

What does selective permeability mean?

A

Allows a living cell to maintain different concentrations of certain substances on either side of plasma membrane

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8
Q

What does concentration gradient mean?

A

Difference in the concentration of chemical from one place to another
- From inside to outside of plasma membrane

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9
Q

What is the Electrical gradient?

A

Difference on electrical charge between two regions

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10
Q

What is membrane potential?

A

It’s the electrical gradient that occurs across the plasma membrane

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11
Q

Why is the concentration gradient and electrical gradient important?

A

They are important because they help move substances across the plasma membrane

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12
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient?

A

It’s the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on movement of a particular ion

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13
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient?

A

It’s the concentration gradient and the electrical gradient on movement of a particular ion

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14
Q

Name 4 types of movement across the membrane

A
  • Passive transport
  • Active transport
  • Endocytosis
    -exocytosis
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15
Q

Name 3 types of passive transport

A
  • Simple Diffusion
  • Facilitated Diffusion
  • Osmosis
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16
Q

What is diffusion?

A

It’s a passive process involving the random mixing of particles in a solution due to a particles kinetic energy

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17
Q

What factors affect Diffusion?

A
  • steepness of the concentration gradient:
  • Temperature: higher temp means faster diffusion
  • Mass of diffusing substance: larger mass of diffusing particle, slower diffusion rate
  • Surface area: Larger membrane area, faster the diffusion
  • Diffusion Distance: Greater distance the longer it takes
18
Q

Describe Simple Diffusion

A
  • No energy required
  • Moves due to gradient: difference in concentration, pressure, charge
  • Moves to equalize gradient: High moves toward low
  • Depends on lipid soluability
19
Q

What is Facilitated Diffusion?

A

It’s when solutes are too polar or highly charged to move through lipid bilayer by simple diffusion across the plasma membrane
- Requires a carrier
- goes down the concentration gradient

20
Q

What does Facilitated diffusion go through

A
  • Ion Channels
  • Protein Transporters (AKA carriers)
21
Q

What is the Ion Channel (Facilitated Diffusion)

A

Channel mediated facilitated diffusion of potassium ions (K+) through a gated K+ channel

22
Q

What is a carrier in Facilitated Diffusion

A
  • a carries is used to move a solute down its concentration gradient across the plasma membrane
23
Q

What are the substances that move across the plasma membrane by carrier mediated facilitated diffusion

A

Glucose, Fructose, Galactose and some Vitamins

24
Q

What do the carriers exhibit when the maximum transport is reached

A

Saturation

25
Q

How does Glucose enter the cells by diffusion?

A
  • Binds to specific carrier protein
  • Transported undergoes a change in shape, Glucose passes the membrane
  • transporter releases glucose on the other side of the membrane
26
Q

What is Osmosis

A

The diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane

27
Q

What is osmosis impermeable to?

A

Solute

28
Q

What is osmosis permeable to?

A

Solvent

29
Q

What are the two ways water passes through a plasma membrane via osmosis?

A
  • By moving through the lipid bilayer via simple diffusion
  • by moving through aquaporins (integral membrane protein) that function as water channels
30
Q

What is Osmolarity?

A

It’s the total solute concentration of a solution

31
Q

What is one osmol equal to?

A

1 mol of solute particles

32
Q

What does osmolarity determine?

A

It determines the water concentration in the solution

33
Q

What does Tonicity mean?

A

It’s the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by altering their internal water volume

34
Q

Explain Active transport

A
  • uses energy to move molecules against the concentration gradient
  • the transporters are often called pumps
  • these pumps can also be saturated
35
Q

What are the two types of energy sources the pumps use?

A
  • Direct use of ATP in primary active transport
  • The use of electrochemical gradient across a membrane , driving the process in secondary active transport
36
Q

What is the primary transporter

A

Na+/K+-ATPase

37
Q

What does the primary transporter do?

A

Maintains the membrane potential of the cell

38
Q

What are the major primary active protein found in most cells?

A
  • Ca2+ - ATPase
  • H+ - ATPase
  • H+/K+ - ATPase
39
Q

Describe the stages of Primary active transport

A
  • Cytoplasmic Na+ bunds to pump protein
  • Binding of Na+ promotes phosphorylation of the protein by ATP
  • Phosphorylation causes the protein to change shape, moving Na+ to the outside
  • Extracellular K+ binds to pump protein
  • K+ binding triggers release of the phosphate, the pump reverting to its original form
  • K+ is released from the pump protein and Na+ site is ready to bind to Na+
    -The cycle repeats
40
Q

How is the secondary active transport different to the primary active transport?

A

By its use of an electrochemical gradient across a plasma membrane as its energy source

PHA 115 - Fundamentals Of Anatomy, Microbiology And Physiology (18 decks)

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