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AP Biology > Cell Respiration > Flashcards

Cell Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell respiration

A

Cells extract energy stored in food and transfer that energy to molecules of ATP

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2
Q

Anaerobic respiration / Fermentation

A

● Cellular respiration without oxygen

● Consists of glcolysis puls alcohol or lactic acid fermentation

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3
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Cellular respiration requiring oxygen

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4
Q

Glycolysis

A

● 2 ATP + 1 Glucose -> 2 Pyruvate + 4 ATP
● Net gain of 2 ATP
● Occurs in the cytoplasm and releases ATP without using oxygen

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5
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

● Produced ATP during glycolysis
● Direct enzymatic transfer of a phosphate to ADP, transfered by an enzyme kinase
● Only a small amount of ATP is released this way

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6
Q

Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

A

● An allosteric enzyme that catalyzes the third step in glycolysis
● It inhibits glycolysis when the cell contains engough ATP and does not need to produce any more

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7
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

● Certain cells convert pyruvate from glycolysis into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide in the absence of oxygen
● The process oxidize NADH back to NAD+
● Yeast

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8
Q

Lactic acid fermentation

A

● Pyruvate is reduced to form lactic acid or lactate
● NADH gets oxidized back to NAD+
● Human skeletal muscles

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9
Q

Formation of Acetyl Co A

A

● Takes place in the cytoplasm

● Each pyruvate becomes an Acetyle Co A (2 in total for every glucose)

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10
Q

Ctric acid cycle / Krebs cycle

A

● Takes place in the matrix of mitochondria
● Requires pyruvate, the product of glycolysis
● Completes the oxidation of glucose to CO2
● Generates 1 ATP per turn by substrate-level phosphorylation, but most of the chemical energy is transferred to NAD+ and FAD
● By products (for each glucose) are 2 ATP, 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2

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11
Q

Electron transport chain (ETC)

A

● Proton pump in the mitochondria
● Takes place in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
● Uses energy released from the exergonic flow of electrons to pump protons against a gradient from the matrix to the outer compartment
● This results in the establishment of a proton gradient inside the mitochondron
● ETC makes no ATP directly but sets the stage for ATP production during chemiosmosis

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12
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Uses potential energy stored in the form of a proton gradient (H+) to phosphorylate ADP and produce ATP

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13
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

● Phosphorylation of ADP into ATP by the oxidation of the carrier molecules NADh and FADH2
● Peter Mitchell named it chemiosmotic theory

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14
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons or hydrogen ions

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15
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons or protons

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16
Q

Redox reaction

A

An reaction in which one substance is reduced while the other is oxidized

17
Q

ATP

A

● Adenosine triphosphate
● Consists of adenosine (adenine and ribose) and three phosphates
● Unstable because the three phosphates in ATP are all negatively charged and repel one another
- When u move to a more stable molecule, ADP, it realeases energy

18
Q

Cristae membrane

A

Folded inner membrane of mitochondria

19
Q

Matrix

A

Inner compartment of the mitochondria

20
Q

NAD+ / FAD

A

● Required for normal cell respiration

● Coenzymes that carry protons or electrons from glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to the electron transport chain

21
Q

NADH

A

● Proton/electron carrier

● NAD+ + 2 e- + H+ = NADH

22
Q

Cytochromes

A

● Proteins structurally similar to hemoglobin

● Present in all aerobes and are used to trace evolutionary relationships

23
Q

Facutative anaerobes

A

● Can tolerate the pressure of oxygen

- They simply don’t use it

24
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Cannot live in an environment containing oxygen

25
Q

How is energy stored in the cell?

A

● Energy is temporarily stored in molecules of ATP
● Energy is instantly available for every cellular activity such as passing an electrical impulse, contracting a muscle, moving cilia, or manufacturing a protein

26
Q

What are the key points about ETC?

A

● Collection of moleulces embedded in the cristae membrane of the mitochondrion
● Thousands of copies of the ETC in every mitochondrion due to th extensive folding of the cristae membrane
● Carries electrons delivered by NAD and FAD from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to oxygen, the final electron acceptor
- Undergo redox reactions

27
Q

Which one dlivers its electrons to a higher enery level, NADH or FADH2 and what’s the result of that?

A

● NADH
● NADH provides more energy for ATP synthesis than does FADH2
- Each NADH produces 3 ATp molecules, while each FADH2 produces 2 ATP molecules

28
Q

What are the key points about oxidative phosphorylation?

A

● Powered by the redox reactions of the ETC
● Protons are pumped from the matrix to the outer compartment by the ETC
● Proton gradient is created between the cristae membrane
- THye can flow only down the gradient into the matrix through ATP synthase channels
● As protons flow through the ATP-synthase channels, they generate energy to phosphorylate ADP into ATP
● Oxygen is the final hydrogen acceptor, combining 1/2 O2 + 2 e- + 2 H+ = H2O
- Water is a waste product of cell respiration and is excreted

29
Q

What are the two ways that ATP can be produced?

A

● Substrate level phosphorylation

● oxidative phosphorylation

30
Q

How does substrate level phosphorylation produce ATP?

A

● When an enzyme, a knase, transfers a phosphate from a substrate directly to ADP
● Only a small amount of ATP is produced this way
● Energy is produced this way during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle

31
Q

How does oxidative phosphorylation produce ATP?

A

● Occurs during chemiosmosis
● 90% of all ATP is produced this way from cell respiration
● NAD and FAD lose protons to the ETC, which pumps them to the outer compartment of the mitochondrion, creating a proton gradient
● This proton gradient powers the phosphorylation of ADP into ATP

32
Q

What is the sequence that energy flow?

A

Glucose -> NAD / FAD -> ETC -> chemiosmosis -> ATP

33
Q

What is the requirement for fermentation to generate ATP?

A

● As long as there is an adequate supply of NAD+ to accept electrons during glycolysis
● Fermentation consists of glycolysis plus the reactions that regeenrate NAD+

34
Q

When do human skeletal muscles carry out lactic acid fermentation?

A

● When blood cannot supply adequate oxygen to muscles during strenuous exercise
● Lactic acid in the muscle causes fatigue and burning
- They continue to build up until the blood can supply the muscles with adequate oxygen
● With normal oxygen levels, the muscle cells will revert to the more effficient aerobic respiration

AP Biology (15 decks)

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