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AP Biology > Biological Diversity > Flashcards

Biological Diversity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Taxonomy/classification

A

Naming and classification of species

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2
Q

System of binomial nomenclature

A

● Two-part name for every organism

● Hierarchical classification of species into broader groups of organisms

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3
Q

Taxa

A

The broader groups of taxa

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4
Q

Three-domain system

A

Organized organisms into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya

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5
Q

Domain Bacteria

A

● All are single-celled prokaryotes with no internal membranes
● Some are anaerobes, some are aerobes
● Bacteria play a vital role in the ecosystem as decomposers that recycle dad organic matter
● Many are pathogens, causing disease
● Bacteria play a vital role in genetic engineering (E. coli)
● Some bacteria carry out conjugation, a primitive form of sexual reproduction where individuals exchange genetic material
● Some carry out photosynthesis, bt others do not
● Viruses are placed here

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6
Q

Domain Archaea

A

● Unicellular
● prokaryotic–ni internal membranes
● Includes extremophiles, organisms that live in extreme environments

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7
Q

Methanogens

A

● Belong to Domain Archaea

● Obtain eneergy in a unique way by producing methane from hydrogen

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8
Q

Halophiles

A

● Belong to Domain Archaea

● Thrive in environemnts with high salt concerntrations

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9
Q

Thermophiles

A

● Belong to Domain Archae

● Thrive in very high temperatures

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10
Q

Domain Eukarya

A

● Includes four of the original kingdoms: protista, fungi, plantae, and animalia
● All organisms have a nucleus and internal organelles

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11
Q

Systematics

A

● Replaced taxonomy
● Includes taxonomy but considers biological diversity in an evolutionary context
● Focuses on tracing the ancestry of organisms

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12
Q

Kingdom Protista

A

● Includes the widest variety of organisms, but all are eukaryotes
● Includs organisms that do not fit into the fungi or plant kingdoms
● Consists of single and primitive multicelled organisms
● Includs heterotrophs and autotrophs
● Protozoans are classified by how they move: pseudopods, cilia, flagella
● Some carry out conjugation
● Some cause serious diseases

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13
Q

Kingdom Fungi

A

● All are heterotrophs and eukaryotes
● Secrete hydrolytic enzymes outsid the body where extracellular digestion occurs, then the building blocks of the nutrients are absorbed intot he body of the fingus by diffusion
● Are important in the ecosystem as decomposers
● Cell walls are composed of chitin, not cellulose

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14
Q

Kingdom Plantae

A

● All are autotrophic eukaryotes

● Some plants hae vascular tissue, some do not

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15
Q

Kingdom Animalia

A

● All are heterotrophic, multicellualr eukaryotes
● Are grouped in 35 phyla, 9 main ones are Porifera, Cnidaria, Platyhelminthes, Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata
● Most animals reproduce sexually with a dominant diploid stage
● In most species, a small, flagellated sperm fertilizes a larger, nonmotile egg
● Monophyletic–all animal lineages can be traced back to one common ancestor
● Classified by anatomical features, DNA data, and embryonic dvelopment

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16
Q

Cell

A

Basic unit of all forms of life

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17
Q

Tissues

A

A group of similar cells tha tperform a particular function

18
Q

Organ

A

A group of tissues htat work together to perform related functions

19
Q

Germ layers

A

● Main layers that form various tissues and organs of the body
● Formed early in embryonic development as a result of gastrulation
● Complex animals are triplobalstic

20
Q

Ectoderm

A

● Outermost layer

● Becomes hte skin and nervous ystem, including nerve cord and brain

21
Q

Endoderm

A

● Innermost lyaer

● Becomes the viscera (guts) or the digestive system

22
Q

Mesoderm

A

● Middle layer

● Becomes the blood and bones

23
Q

Diploblastic

A

● Two germ layers
● Primitive animals like Porifera and Cnidarians
● Their bodies consists of ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoglea (middle glue), which connects hte two layers together

24
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

● Most sophisticated animals exhibit bilateral symmetry whereas primitive animals exhibit no symmetry or radial symmetry
● The body is organized along a longitudinal axis with right and left sides that mirror each other

25
Q

Cephalization

A

● Development of a head end
● Sensory apparatus and a brain clustered at hte anterior while digestive, excretory, and reproductive are located posterior
● Enables animals to move faster to flee or to capture prey more effectively

26
Q

Anterior

A

Front end

27
Q

Posterior

A

Rear end

28
Q

Phylogeny

A

The evolutionary history of relationships of animsls

29
Q

Phylogenetic tree/cladogram

A

● Diagrammatic reconstruction of evolutionary history
● Used to be based on morphology and physical behaviors
● Noww constructed based on DNA and evolutionary relationships

30
Q

Principle of maximum parsimony

A

States that one should follow the simplest explanation that coincides with the facts

31
Q

Ingroups

A

The organisms of interest

32
Q

Outgroup

A

● Organism of reference

● The group that diverged before the lineage evolved

33
Q

Node

A

● When two lineages diverge, the split is depicted is known as a node

34
Q

Shared ancestral trait/character

A

● Traits that all animals share

35
Q

Clade

A

Lineage

36
Q

Shared derived trait/character

A

New trait that is not shared with their ancestors

37
Q

List the taxa from general to the specific.

A 
● Kingdom
● Phylum
● Class
● Order
● Family
● Genus
● Species
38
Q

What are the features for Bacteria Domain?

A 
● No membrane-enclosed organelles
● Peptidoglycan in cell wall
● One type of RNA polymerase
● No introns
● Antibiotic sensitivity to streptomycin, cloramphenicol inhibited
39
Q

What are the features for Archaea Domain?

A 
● No membrane-enclosed organelles
● No peptidoglycan in cell wall
● Several kinds of RNA polymerase
● Some genes have introns
● Antibiotic sensitivity to streptomycin, cloramphenicol not inhibited
40
Q

What are the features for Eukaryotes Domain?

A 
● Membrane-encolsed organelles
● No peptidoglycan in cell wall
● Several kinds of RNA polymerase
● Have introns present
● Antibiotic sensitivity to streptomycin, chloramphenicol not inhibited
41
Q

What are some trends in animal development from the primitive to the complex?

A

● Bilateral symmetry with a head end and complex sensory apparatus
● Cephalization (head formation)
● Three cell layers: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm (triploblastic)
● True tissues, organs, and organ systems
● Life on land and all the modification it requires
● Motile
● Many organ systems and much specialization

42
Q

Why is echinoderms an exception to symmetry rule?

A

The echinoderms exhibit bilateral symmetry only as larvae and revert to radial symmetry as adults

AP Biology (15 decks)

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