Cell Regulation and Injury Flashcards
what are some characteristics of the plasma membrane
barrier from external environment
protects internal organelles
semipermeable to selectively allow substances in or out
glycoproteins-surface markers
what are some characteristics of the sodium potassium pump
na+ and k+ ions
use energy to actively transport across cell membrane
where is there a higher concentration of na+ ions
outside of the cell
where is there a higher concentration of k+ ions
inside the cell
what are some characteristics of the mitochondria
convert nutrients into ATP
aerobic and anaerobic
unique and distinctive DNA
subject to mutation by free radicals
aerobic metabolism requires what and produces how many ATP
o2
34
anaerobic metabolism is called what and how many ATP does it produce
cellular hypoxia (glycolysis)
2
what does the smooth ER transport
lipids
what does the rough ER transport
proteins
what is an endoplasmic reticulum
network of tubules which acts as transport system
what are ribosomes
protein factories
what causes decreased protein synthesis
hypoxia
what are some characteristics of the nucleus
DNA replication
transcription
translation
where does transcription occur
in the nucleus
what happens during transcription
DNA helix untwists and separates
where does translation occur
in the ribosomes
what are etiologic agents
injurious agents that cause cellular alteration or disease
what are 5 types of cellular adaptive changes
atrophy
hypertrophy
dysplasia
hyperplasia
metaplasia
what can cause atrophy
disuse/diminished workload
lack of nerve stimulation
loss of hormonal stimulation
inadequate nutrition
decreased blood flow
aging
what can cause hypertrophy
physiologic-exercise-angiogenesis
pathological-disease processes
what can cause dysplasia
deranged cellular growth
chronic inflammation or precancerous condition
what is hyperplasia
hormonal or compensatory cellular mechanisms
overcompensation of cell mass needed for regeneration
what is metaplasia
replacement by another cell type
genetic reprogramming
what is neoplasia
new growth
disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled cell growth (cancerous)
what does benign mean
cells resemble normal cells
well-differentiated cells
do not metastasize
well-defined borders
what does malignant mean
cells appear different from healthy cells
poorly differentiated cells
increased likelihood of metastasis
poorly defined borders
what are some causes of cellular injury
hypoxia
free radical injury (formed during aerobic respiration)
physical agents of injury
chemical injury
infectious agents of injury
injurious immunological reactions
genetic defects
nutritional imbalances
what is apoptosis
programmed cell death
what disease has decreased apoptosis
prostate cancer
what disease has increased apoptosis
spinal muscular atrophy
what is necrosis
cell death due to injury
irreversable
membrane disintegrates
inflammatory reaction
what is infarction
ischemic necrosis
decreased circulation causing cell death
what is gangrene
prolonged ischemia, infarction, and necrosis
emits identifiable gas as it destroys tissues
what are some clinical interventions to prevent permanent cell injury
transplant or organ or healthy tissue
regenerative medicine using stem cells
therapeutic cloning
reproductive cloning
stem cells
umbilical cord blood
