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NUR 280 > Cell Regulation and Injury > Flashcards

Cell Regulation and Injury Flashcards

1
Q

what are some characteristics of the plasma membrane

A

barrier from external environment
protects internal organelles
semipermeable to selectively allow substances in or out
glycoproteins-surface markers

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2
Q

what are some characteristics of the sodium potassium pump

A

na+ and k+ ions
use energy to actively transport across cell membrane

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3
Q

where is there a higher concentration of na+ ions

A

outside of the cell

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4
Q

where is there a higher concentration of k+ ions

A

inside the cell

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5
Q

what are some characteristics of the mitochondria

A

convert nutrients into ATP
aerobic and anaerobic
unique and distinctive DNA
subject to mutation by free radicals

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6
Q

aerobic metabolism requires what and produces how many ATP

A

o2
34

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7
Q

anaerobic metabolism is called what and how many ATP does it produce

A

cellular hypoxia (glycolysis)
2

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8
Q

what does the smooth ER transport

A

lipids

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9
Q

what does the rough ER transport

A

proteins

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10
Q

what is an endoplasmic reticulum

A

network of tubules which acts as transport system

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11
Q

what are ribosomes

A

protein factories

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12
Q

what causes decreased protein synthesis

A

hypoxia

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13
Q

what are some characteristics of the nucleus

A

DNA replication
transcription
translation

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14
Q

where does transcription occur

A

in the nucleus

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15
Q

what happens during transcription

A

DNA helix untwists and separates

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16
Q

where does translation occur

A

in the ribosomes

17
Q

what are etiologic agents

A

injurious agents that cause cellular alteration or disease

18
Q

what are 5 types of cellular adaptive changes

A

atrophy
hypertrophy
dysplasia
hyperplasia
metaplasia

19
Q

what can cause atrophy

A

disuse/diminished workload
lack of nerve stimulation
loss of hormonal stimulation
inadequate nutrition
decreased blood flow
aging

20
Q

what can cause hypertrophy

A

physiologic-exercise-angiogenesis
pathological-disease processes

21
Q

what can cause dysplasia

A

deranged cellular growth
chronic inflammation or precancerous condition

22
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

hormonal or compensatory cellular mechanisms
overcompensation of cell mass needed for regeneration

23
Q

what is metaplasia

A

replacement by another cell type
genetic reprogramming

24
Q

what is neoplasia

A

new growth
disorganized, uncoordinated, uncontrolled cell growth (cancerous)

25
Q

what does benign mean

A

cells resemble normal cells
well-differentiated cells
do not metastasize
well-defined borders

26
Q

what does malignant mean

A

cells appear different from healthy cells
poorly differentiated cells
increased likelihood of metastasis
poorly defined borders

27
Q

what are some causes of cellular injury

A

hypoxia
free radical injury (formed during aerobic respiration)
physical agents of injury
chemical injury
infectious agents of injury
injurious immunological reactions
genetic defects
nutritional imbalances

28
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

29
Q

what disease has decreased apoptosis

A

prostate cancer

30
Q

what disease has increased apoptosis

A

spinal muscular atrophy

31
Q

what is necrosis

A

cell death due to injury
irreversable
membrane disintegrates
inflammatory reaction

32
Q

what is infarction

A

ischemic necrosis
decreased circulation causing cell death

33
Q

what is gangrene

A

prolonged ischemia, infarction, and necrosis
emits identifiable gas as it destroys tissues

34
Q

what are some clinical interventions to prevent permanent cell injury

A

transplant or organ or healthy tissue
regenerative medicine using stem cells
therapeutic cloning
reproductive cloning
stem cells
umbilical cord blood

NUR 280 (7 decks)

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