Body Processes Flashcards
what is an adipocyte
fat cell
what is eustress
positive stress
what is distress
bad stress
what is acute stress
response to intermittent stimuli, intensity varries in response to stimuli, and ends after threat avoided
what is chronic stress
prolonged activation of stress response to a perceived threat that does not abate rapidly
is linked to diminished immunity, cancer, heart disease, and depression
what is selye’s stress response theory
general adaptive syndrome
stress response invoves neural, endocrine, and immune responses (acute and chronic)
3 stages of response
what is general adaptive syndrome in selye’s theory
coordinated reaction to a stressor
stressor (inciting event)
adaptive ability (maintain homeostasis)
what are the 3 stages of response in selye’s theory
alarm
resistance
exhaustion
what is happening during the alarm stage
activation of CNS, SNS, and adrenal glands
activation of endocrine system
what does the SNS release in the alarm stage
norepinephrine (fight or flight)
what does the hypothalamus release during alarm stage
CRF
what does the anterior pituitary gland release during the alarm stage
ACTH
what does the adrenal cortex release during alarm stage
cortisol
what decreases during the alarm stage
parasympathetic nervous system
what is increased for cell energy in alarm stage
glucose (short-term: enhances immune response, Long-term: immunosuppression)
wat does the posterior pituitary release during alarm stage
ADH (increase water reabsorption)
what does the adrenal medulla release during the alarm stage
epinephrine and norepinephrine (increase bp)
what does the SNS do during alarm stage to the body
increase HR
vasoconstriction of peripheral arteries
increase BP
increase blood flow to skeletal muscles
bronchodilation
pupil dilation
GI and GU system activity slows
sweating
dry mouth
what is the resistance stage
continued hormonal and catecholamine (Epi/NorEpi) release
time-limited stage: if stress stops, parasympathetic nervous system induces relaxation (acute), but if it does not stop, body’s response lessens over time (chronic)
what is the exhaustion stage
stress overwhelms the body (chronic stress)
how does chronic stress adversely impact overall health
long-term cortisol suppresses immune system
increase risk for infection
what is Mcewen’s stress response theory
allostasis: dynamic (constantly changing) state of balance in response to stressor
theory: frequent stressors change physiological balance and create new setpoint
what is allostatic load
defined as wear and tear on body systems caused by stress reactions
d/t both stressor and individual’s ability to respond (accumulates over time)
what is allostatic overload
when stress exceeds the body’s ability to adapt (ex. obesity)
what are some common stress-related disorders
asthma
atherosclerosis
autoimmune disease
cardiac rhythm disturbances
cerebrovascualr disease
coronary artery disease
diabetes
GAD
HTN
IBS
migraines
PUD
skin disorders (hives)
what are the pharmacologic treatments for stress
sedatives and antidepressents
what are sedatives and what do they do
depress CNS…relaxation
tranquilizers “downers”, alcohol
easily abused
what are antidepressants
modulate neurotransmitters in the brain (serotonin and dopamine)
require at least 3 weeks to reach therapeutic blood levels
what is the recommendation for exercising
40 min 3-4 days per week
what does exercise do for cardiovascular system
decrease bp
increase angiogenesis
what does exercise do for gi system
increase peristalsis
what does exercise do for glucose tolerance
increase uptake of glucose
decrease insulin resistance
what are the effects of immobility
atelectasis
bone demineralization
deconditioning of heart and muscles
decreased pulmonary ventilation
pressure ulcers
depression
diminished peristalsis and constipation
disorientation
gait and balance disturbances
GERD
increased susceptibility to aspiration
increased susceptibility to orthostatic hypotension
joint contractures
kidney stones
loss of appetite
muscle atrophy
reduced cough effectiveness
stasis of pulmonary secretions and increased risk of pneumonia
urinary stasis
UTI
venous stasis
venous thromboembolism
what are the effects of immobility on the cardiovascular system
heart must work harder
venous return to heart is reduced
venous stasis
PE
orthostatic hypotension
natriuresis- increased water loss, increased sodium in urine
what are the effects of immobility in the pulmonary systen
reduced lung volumes and ventilation
atelectasis
aspiration
what are the effects of immobility on the musculoskeletal system
decreased muscle strength
contracture
shortening of muscles
decreased trabecular bone
decreased osteoblast activity
pathological fracture risk
assume fetal position
what are the effects of immobility on the renal system
if supine, urinary stasis and uti’s
what are the effects of immobility on the gi system
decreased peristaltic waves
decreased intestinal absorption
increased risk for constipation and GERD
what are the effects of immobility on metabolic and endocrine system
increased muscle protein breakdown
negative nitrogen balance (less protein synthesis)
increased glucose intolerance
what is a stage 1 ulcer
persistent skin redness
what is a stage 2 ulcer
loss of epidermal or dermal layers
what is a stage 3 ulcer
deterioration of layers deep to dermis
what is a stage 4 ulcer
loss of full thickness of tissue, down to muscle and bone
what percent of americans are overweight/obese
65%
what is metabolic disorder
insulin sensitivity
glucose utilization
fat accumulation
hepatic glucose
what are adipocytes
fat cells
what are adipokines
circulating hormones that communicate with organs
what is adiponectin
good adipokine
increases sensitivity of insulin
they decrease when too much adipose tissue is present
what is leptin
good hormone
affects body wt
pt’s can have leptin resistance
what is resistin
bad hormone
enhances liver ability to produce glucose
what increases risk of blood clotting with obesity
vascular mediators- angiotensinogen
inflammatory mediators- TNF-alpha, IL-6
what is ghrelin
peptide secreted by stomach when its empty
what increases after eating
leptin
what area of the brain tells you you’re hungry
hypothalamus
what is apple shaped obesity
40 in-M, 35 in-F
central
more weight above the waist
what is underweight BMI
under 18.5
what is normal weight BMI
18.5-24.9
what is overweight BMI
25-29.9
what is obese BMI
over 30
what BMI is surgery usually done for obese indiviudals
over 40
what are the fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
what does folate deficiency cause
megaloblastic anemia
what does niacin deficiency cause
pellagra: pigmented rash on sun exposed areas
what does riboflavin deficiency cause
cheilosis: fissures and irritation at edges of mouth
what does thiamine deficiency cause
beriberi: neuropathy, muscle weakness, and wasting
what does vit a deficiency cause
night blindness
what does vit b6 deficiency cause
neuropathy, depression, microcytic anemia
what does vt b12 deficiency cause
megaloblastic anemia
what does vit c deficiency cause
scurvy: petichiae, ecchymosis, inflammed and bleeding gums
what does vit d deficiency cause
rickets: skeletal deformities, osteomalacia
what does vit e deficiency cause
peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, skeletal muscle atrophy
what does vit k deficiency cause
bleeding, elevated prothrombin time
what BMI is anorexia nervosa
less than 17.5
what is neuropathic pain
spinal cord/ nerve pain
what are the sources of pain
cutaneous- skin
deep somatic- ligament, bone, muscle
visceral- organ
referred- somewhere else (MI)
phantom- amputation
