Cell Proliferation and Mitosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is proliferation?

A

Physiological process of cell division
Results in an increased number of cells
Occurs in almost every tissue

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2
Q

What causes rate of proliferation to decrease

A

Cell differentiation

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3
Q

Cell that are unable to proliferate

A

Cardiac myocytes

Neurons

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4
Q

Cells that can resume proliferation from G0

A

Skin fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells of internal organs

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5
Q

Cell that undergo continual proliferation

A

Blood cells, skin epithelial cells

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6
Q

Factors that contribute to and regulate proliferation

A

Environmental - nutrients, temperature, pH, oxygen
Positive and negative - cell adhesion, growth factors
Intracellular - p53, cytochrome C, Bcl proteins

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7
Q

What is the purpose of germ cell

A

Give rise to the gametes
Make it possible for organisms to reproduce
Meiosis and Mitosis

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8
Q

What are somatic cells

A

Give rise to all cell in the body apart from gametes
Cells are differentiated
Mitosis

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9
Q

What are the two main phases of cell cycle

A

S-phase: DNA synthesis

M-phase: Nuclear division, cytoplasmic division

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10
Q

What are the four phases of the cell cycle

A

G1 phase
S-phase
G2 phase
M-phase

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11
Q

What is the purpose of gap phases

A

Allow cell to grow

Monitor internal and external conditions

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12
Q

What is the purpose of G1 checkpoint

A

Makes sure the cell is large enough to enter S-phase

If conditions unfavourable - can enter G0

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12
Q

What is the purpose of G1 checkpoint

A

Makes sure the cell is large enough to enter S-phase

If conditions unfavourable - can enter G0

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13
Q

What is the point of G2 checkpoint

A

Makes sure the cell has been completely replicated
replication errors have been corrected
the cell is large enough the divide

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14
Q

How is cell cycle contolled

A

Fixed amount of time for each event

information from the cell cycle events and external environment (cyclins and CDKs)

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15
Q

Characteristics of CDK’s

A

At the heart of the cell cycle control system
Activity is cyclic as the cell progresses through the cell cycle
Each CDK modifies specific proteins that initiate or regulate events in the cell cycle
Dependant on cyclins for their activity

16
Q

How to cyclins regulate CDK activity

A

Regulatory proteins bind to CDK resulting in phosphorylation and activation
These proteins are found in varied concentration throughout the cell cycle

17
Q

What does disruption of cyclin activity result in

A

Cell cycle arrest or uncontrolled proliferation

18
Q

What happens in S-phase

A

Chromosomes undergo replication
New DNA is synthesised - duplicate constructed
Chromosome only visible during the division

19
Q

What happens in prophase

A

Chromosomes condense and are visible and threadlike
Nuclear membrane and nucleoli disappear
Mitotic spindle forms
Centrosomes move away from each other

20
Q

What happens in prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelop fragments
Microtubules attach to the chromatids at the kinetochores
Other microtubules interact connecting from different poles

21
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

Centrosomes are now at opposite poles
Chromosomes are lined up on the metaphase plate
all chromosome are attached to each of the poles

22
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

connection between chromatids at the centromere are cleaved
Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles as cell elongates
Anaphase ends when the chromosomes reach the poles

23
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

connection between chromatids at the centromere are cleaved
Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles as cell elongates
Anaphase ends when the chromosomes reach the poles

24
Q

What happens in telophase

A

Nuclear envelope forms
Nucleolus appears
Cytoplasm divides
Chromosomes become less dense

25
Q

What occurs in cytokinesis

A

Contractile ring begins to assemble
Actin and myosin filament
Divide the cytoplasm in two
Creates two daughter cells

26
Q

What is cell proliferation involved in

A

Aging, regenerative medicine and oncogensis

27
Q

Why is cell proliferation important

A

critical to regulation of development

Maintaining size, morphology and function of organs