Cell Physiology

Question 1

Cytoplasm

Answer 1

contains organelles and fluid surrounding them (cytosol)

Question 2

Composition of the cell membrane

Answer 2

double layer of amphipathic phospholipids and embedded proteins

Question 3

Are there chemical bonds linking the phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 3

no, this allows free movement

Question 4

The cells bind to the ECM through:

Answer 4

1. Desmosomes and cadherins (small space between the cells)
2. Tight Junctions (No space between)
3. Gap junctions (channels linking the cytosol of 2 cells)

Question 5

Nucleus function

Answer 5

stores genetic info

Question 6

Nuclear envelope function

Answer 6

protects the nucleus and has pores that allow communication with the cytoplasm

Question 7

Nucleolus

Answer 7

densely packed filamentous region that contains DNA regions which form the RNA in ribosomes

Question 8

Ribosome function

Answer 8

RNA is translated into proteins
- two subunits combine during protein synthesis

Question 9

Rough endoplasmic retuculum function

Answer 9

Packing the proteins that will be secreted from the ribosomes bound to its surface

Question 10

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum function

Answer 10

• Lipids are synthesized here.
• It also stores and releases calcium

Question 11

Mitochondria function

Answer 11

powerhouse of the cell

Question 12

Where did the mitochondria come from?

Answer 12

endosymbiotic hypothesis (mitochondria was a different organism. has own cellular membrane and DNA)

Question 13

Endosome function

Answer 13

direct vesicular traffic in cells

Question 14

Lysosome function

Answer 14

Break down bascteria, debris and other organelles

Question 15

Peroxisome function

Answer 15

Removes Oxygen from organic molecules such as lipids, alcohol, and other toxic subtances.

Question 16

Golgi apparatus function

Answer 16

modifies proteins and sorts them depending on their destination into transport vesicles

Question 17

cytoskeleton composition

Answer 17

• micro filaments
• intermediate filaments
• microtubules

Question 18

Cytoskeleton function

Answer 18

dynamic structure that manages where the different enzymatic reactions take place

Question 19

Microfilament function

Answer 19

anchors the cytoskeleton to integral proteins in the cell membrane providing mechanical strength

Question 20

Intermediate filament function

Answer 20

strengthen the cell and help maintain the shape while stabilizing the position of the organelles and the position of the cell.

Question 21

Microtube functions

Answer 21

maintain the cell shape while assisting in cell movement

Question 22

Cilia/ Flagela function

Answer 22

long extensions of the plasma membrane that cense the enviorment and help the cell move.

Question 23

Only human cell with a flagellum

Answer 23

sperm

Question 24

Centrosome function

Answer 24

microtubule organizing center of animal cells at the heart of the cytoskeleton

Question 25

Centriole function

Answer 25

essential for cell division and necessary for the movement of the chromosomes.

Question 26

How are proteins degraded

Answer 26

the attachment of ubiquitin that sends them to proteasome

Question 27

What is the central dogma?

Answer 27

theory that genetic information flows from DNA to RNA to protein

Question 28

explain how proteins are secreted

Answer 28

proteins enter the ER and are packaged as vesicles in the golgi