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Patho Exam 1 > Cell Organelles > Flashcards

Cell Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Structure Pic.

A

Blank on purpose.

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2
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Largest organelle
  • Two membranes form the nuclear envelope
  • Contains the nucleolus
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3
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A small dense structure composed largely of:

  • RNA
  • Most of the cellular DNA;
  • Histones: DNA binding proteins, that regulate its activity
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4
Q

Primary function of nucleus

A

The primary functions of the nucleus are

  • Cell division and
  • Control of genetic information.

Other functions include:

  • Replication and repair of DNA
  • Transcription of the information stored in DNA.
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5
Q

Discuss genetic information transcribed into RNA:

A

When genetic information is transcribed into RNA it can be processed into:

  • Messenger
  • Transport
  • Ribosomal RNA

It is then introduced into the cytoplasm, where it directs cellular activities.

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6
Q

Where does most of the processing of RNA occur?

A

In the nucleolus

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7
Q

What represents about 1/2 the volume of a eukaryotic cell?

A

Cytosol

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8
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The aqueous solution in the cytoplasm that fills the cytoplasmic matrix.

  • 55% of cell volume

Functions:

  • Intermediary metabolism
    • Enzymatic biochemical reactions
  • Ribosomal protein synthesis
  • Storage of:
    • carbs,
    • fat and
    • secretory vesicles
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9
Q

What is the cytoplasmic matrix?

A

Space between the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane.

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10
Q

What also functions as a storage unit for fat, carbohydrates, and secretory vesicles?

A

Cytosol

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11
Q

What are ribosomes?

A
  • RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes (NPCs).
  • may float free in the cytoplasm or
  • attach themselves to the outer membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum
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12
Q

What is the chief function of ribosomes?

A

Provide sites for cellular protein synthesis

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13
Q

What is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A
  • Membrane factory that specializes in the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components
  • Consists of network of tubular/saclike channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the cytoplams and are continuous with the outer nuclear membrane
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14
Q

What two characteristics can the folded membranes that form the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum be?

A
  • Rough (granular)
  • Smooth (agranular)
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15
Q

Why is rough ER (rER) rough?

A

Ribosomes and ribonucleoprotein particles are attached to it.

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16
Q

Why is smooth ER (sER) smooth?

A

It does not have ribosomes are ribonucleoproteins attached to i.

17
Q

What is the chief function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • Protein synthesis and folding.
  • A new role is sensing cellular stress
  • The endoplasmic reticulum communicates with the Golgi complex and interacts with other organelles, particularly lysosomes and peroxisomes.
18
Q

What is the golgi complex?

A
  • Network of flattened, smooth membranes and vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell.
  • Proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into small membrane-bound sacs or vesicles called secretory vesicles, which collect at the end of the membranous folds of the Golgi bodies—called cisternae.
  • The secretory vesicles then break off from the Golgi complex and migrate to a variety of intracellular and extracellular destinations, including the plasma membrane.
  • The vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, and their contents are released from the cell.
19
Q

What is the chief function of the golgi complex?

A

The Golgi complex is a refining
plant and directs traffic (e.g., protein, polynucleotide, polysaccharide molecules) in the cell.

20
Q

What organelle do many molecules, including lipids, proteins, glycoproteins, and enzymes of lysosomes, pass through at some stage in their maturation?

A

Golgi Complex

21
Q

What are the coats of best known vesicles from the golgi complex made of?

A

Coats made largely of the protein clathrin and are called clathrin-coated vesicles.

They bud from the Golgi complex on the outward secretory pathway and from the plasma membrane on the inward endocytotic pathway.

22
Q

What are lysosomes?

A
  • Lysosomes (lyso = dissolution; soma = body) are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex.
  • They contain digestive enzymes called hydrolases,
23
Q

What is the chief function of lysosomes?

A
  • Lysosomes function as the intracellular digestive system
  • Lysosomal enzymes are capable of digesting most cellular constituents completely to their basic components:
    • such as amino acids,
    • fatty acids, and
    • carbohydrates.
24
Q

Name one genetic defect affecting lysosomal storage:

A

Pompe Disease

25
Q

Discuss Pompe Disease

A
  • Glycogen accumulation in lysosomes
  • Lack of:
    • lysosomal a-1, 4-glucosidase
  • Clinical Presentation:
    • Predominant sign is usually progressive muscle weakness, generally beginning with the trunk and proximal muscles of the lower limbs.[1], [2]
    • Clinical manifestations can first appear at any age, from early childhood to late adulthood.
    • In children, the first signs may be delayed motor milestones.[
    • Similarly, adults may first notice difficulty walking or climbing stairs and exhibit gait abnormalities.
    • Early respiratory involvement resulting from degeneration of the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles may manifest as respiratory insufficiency, including orthopnea and indications of sleep-disordered breathing such as morning headaches and daytime fatigue.
    • Feeding and swallowing difficulties

Poor weight gain/maintenance

26
Q

What is Tay-Sachs disease?

A
  • Lysosomal storage disease
  • Accumulation of GM2 ganglioside (lipid) in lysosomes
  • b/c of deficiency or absence of lysosomal hexosaminidase
  • Inherited if both parents have Hex-a gene
  • A defective gene on chromosome 15 (HEX-A) causes Tay-Sachs disease. This defective gene causes the body to not make a protein called hexosaminidase A. Without this protein, chemicals called gangliosides build up in nerve cells in the brain, destroying brain cells.
  • Symptoms: muscle weakness, coordination issues, rhythmic muscle contractions, stiff muscles, faint feeling, dysphagia, hearing loss, seizures, vision loss and/or impaired voice.)
27
Q

Brief discussion of gout’s patho:

A
  • In gout, undigested uric acid accumulates within lysosomes, damaging the lysosomal membrane.
  • Subsequent enzyme leakage results in cell death and tissue injury.
28
Q

What are peroxisomes (microbodies)?

A
  • Membrane-bound organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes such as catalase and urate oxidase.
  • Peroxisomes contain enzymes that use oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific substrates in an oxidative reaction that produces H2O2.
  • Peroxisomes also have an important role in the synthesis of specialized phospholipids necessary for nerve cell myelination.
29
Q

What are mitochondria?

A
  • Mitochondria (mito = thread; chondros = granule), organelles
  • Responsible for cellular respiration and energy production.
  • Metabolic pathways involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids and special pathways involving urea and heme synthesis are located in the mitochondrial matrix.
  • The outer membrane is permeable (passable) to many substances, but the inner membrane is highly selective and contains many transmembranous transport systems.
  • The inner membrane contains a transporter to move electrically charged calcium (calcium ions).
  • Mitochondria contain their own DNA that codes for enzymes needed for oxidative phosphorylation.
30
Q

What is a vault?

A

An octagonal barrel-shaped organelle believed to transport messenger RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasmic ribosomes.

31
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A
  • “bones and muscles” of the cell
  • Maintains shape and internal organization
  • Permits movement of substances within the cell and movement of external projections (cilia, flagella)
32
Q

What is mechanotransduction?

A

Cellular process that translates mechanical stimuli into biochem signals, allowing to adapt to surroundings.

33
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

Surrounds the cell or intracellular organelle.

Allow or exclude various molecules - selective transport allows for in/out molecule movement.

34
Q

5 functions of cell membrane (PP)

A
    1. Structure
    1. Protection
    1. Activation
    1. Transport
    1. Cell to Cell interaction
35
Q

Structure of phospholipid molecule

A

Blank on purpose.

36
Q

Channel Receptor Example (Na/K pump)

A

Channel Receptors-Respond to receptor “stimuli”-transport proteins like channels from one side of membrane to anotherInactive and Active state

EXP: sodium-potassium ATPase -thousands in every membrane which

  • use 1/2 of body’s energy every day
  • shuttles 3 positive-charged sodium atoms out of the cytoplasm
  • and simultaneously admits 2 positive-charged potassium atoms into the cytoplasm
  • Each revolution throws off more + charges out of cell than it lets in leaving the cell negatively charged with outside cell positively charged creating a “membrane potential”

Patho Exam 1 (8 decks)

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