ATP/Oxidative Phosphorylation/Anaerobic Glycolysis

Question 1

List two phaes of metabolism

Answer 1

• Catabolism
• Anabolism

Question 2

Define Catabolism

Answer 2

Breaking down stored nutrients and body tissues to produce energy.

Question 3

Define Anabolism

Answer 3

Constructive process in which more complex molecules are formed from simpler ones.

Question 4

What is ATP

Answer 4

Adenosine Triphosphate

Carrier of cellular energy

Question 5

What is ATP made out of?

Answer 5

• Adenosine
• Nitrogenous base
• Ribose
• 5-Carbon sugar
• 3 phosphate groups (attached by 2 high energy bonds)

Question 6

What happens when ATP is hydrolyzed to form Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)?

Answer 6

Large amounts of free energy are released.

“Energy currency of the cell”

Question 7

What are the two types of cellular energy production?

Answer 7

1. Anaerobic glycolytic pathway
2. Aerobic pathway

Question 8

How many ATPs does glycolysis produce?

Answer 8

2 net ATPs

(requires 2 ATPs, produces 4 ATPs)

Question 9

Is glycoloysis aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 9

ANAerobic

Question 10

Kreb cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 10

Aerobic

Question 11

Electron Transport Chain aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 11

Aerobic

Question 12

How many ATPs produced in the aerobic electron transport chain?

Answer 12

34 ATPs

Question 13

How many ATPs prodcued in the aerobic Kreb’s cycle?

Answer 13

2 ATPs

Question 14

What is a byproduct of glycolysis?

Answer 14

Lactic Acid

Question 15

Where does the glycolytic pathway occur in the cell?

Answer 15

Cytoplasm

Question 16

Where does aerobic energy production occur in the cell?

Answer 16

Mitochondria

Question 17

Which biproduct of glycolysis coverts to lactice acid in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions)?

Answer 17

Pyruvate

Question 18

What process involves the removal of lactic acid from the the bloodstream and coverts it back to glucose? Where mostly does this happen?

Answer 18

Gluconeogensis

Occurs mostly in liver

Question 19

Which muscle is efficient in covering lactic acid to pyruvic acid, and then usin g pyruvic acid for fuel?

Answer 19

The heart

Question 20

What two aspects of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria?

Answer 20

Aerobic Metabolism

Electron Transport Chain

Question 21

What are the byproducts of aerobic respitation?

Answer 21

CO2 and H2O

Question 22

Why would fatigue be felt in iron deficiency anemia?

Answer 22

Because iron containing cytochromes in the electron transport chain in tissues such as skeletal msucle are affected as well.

Question 23

What two process compose oxidative phosphorylation?

Answer 23

• Electron Transport Chain
• Chemiosmosis

Question 24

Discuss key steps of oxidative phosphorylation:

Answer 24

• Delivery of electrons by NADH and FADH₂
• Electron transfer and proton pumping
• Splitting of oxygen to form water
• Gradient-driven synthesis of ATP

Question 25

Oxidative phosphorylation Discuss: Delivery of electrons by NADH and FADH₂,

Answer 25

Reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH₂) from other steps of cellular respiration transfer their electrons to molecules near the beginning of the transport chain. In the process, they turn back into NAD^+​+​​start superscript, plus, end superscript and FAD, which can be reused in other steps of cellular respiration.

Question 26

Oxidative phosphorylation - Discuss: Electron transfer and proton pumping

Answer 26

As electrons are passed down the chain, they move from a higher to a lower energy level, releasing energy. Some of the energy is used to pump H​+​​ ions, moving them out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space. This pumping establishes an electrochemical gradient.

Question 27

Oxidative phosphorylation - Discuss Splitting of oxygen to form water.

Answer 27

At the end of the electron transport chain, electrons are transferred to molecular oxygen, which splits in half and takes up H+ to form water.

Question 28

Discuss: Gradient-driven synthesis of ATP

Answer 28

As H+ ions flow down their gradient and back into the matrix, they pass through an enzyme called ATP synthase, which harnesses the flow of protons to synthesize ATP.

Question 29

Overall, what does the electron transport chain do for the cell?

Answer 29

* Regenerates electron carriers * Makes a proton gradient

Question 30

What is chemiosmosis?

Answer 30

process, in which energy from a proton gradient is used to make ATP. More broadly, chemiosmosis can refer to any process in which energy stored in a proton gradient is used to do work.

Question 31

Which process within cellular respiration yields the most ATPs from glucose break down?

Answer 31

**Chemiosmosis** accounts for over 80% of ATP made during glucose breakdown in cellular respiration