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Patho Exam 1 > ATP/Oxidative Phosphorylation/Anaerobic Glycolysis > Flashcards

ATP/Oxidative Phosphorylation/Anaerobic Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

List two phaes of metabolism

A
  • Catabolism
  • Anabolism
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2
Q

Define Catabolism

A

Breaking down stored nutrients and body tissues to produce energy.

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3
Q

Define Anabolism

A

Constructive process in which more complex molecules are formed from simpler ones.

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4
Q

What is ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

Carrier of cellular energy

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5
Q

What is ATP made out of?

A
  • Adenosine
  • Nitrogenous base
  • Ribose
  • 5-Carbon sugar
  • 3 phosphate groups (attached by 2 high energy bonds)
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6
Q

What happens when ATP is hydrolyzed to form Adenosine Diphosphate (ADP)?

A

Large amounts of free energy are released.

“Energy currency of the cell”

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7
Q

What are the two types of cellular energy production?

A
  1. Anaerobic glycolytic pathway
  2. Aerobic pathway
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8
Q

How many ATPs does glycolysis produce?

A

2 net ATPs

(requires 2 ATPs, produces 4 ATPs)

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9
Q

Is glycoloysis aerobic or anaerobic?

A

ANAerobic

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10
Q

Kreb cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

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11
Q

Electron Transport Chain aerobic or anaerobic?

A

Aerobic

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12
Q

How many ATPs produced in the aerobic electron transport chain?

A

34 ATPs

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13
Q

How many ATPs prodcued in the aerobic Kreb’s cycle?

A

2 ATPs

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14
Q

What is a byproduct of glycolysis?

A

Lactic Acid

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15
Q

Where does the glycolytic pathway occur in the cell?

A

Cytoplasm

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16
Q

Where does aerobic energy production occur in the cell?

A

Mitochondria

17
Q

Which biproduct of glycolysis coverts to lactice acid in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions)?

A

Pyruvate

18
Q

What process involves the removal of lactic acid from the the bloodstream and coverts it back to glucose? Where mostly does this happen?

A

Gluconeogensis

Occurs mostly in liver

19
Q

Which muscle is efficient in covering lactic acid to pyruvic acid, and then usin g pyruvic acid for fuel?

A

The heart

20
Q

What two aspects of cellular respiration occur in the mitochondria?

A

Aerobic Metabolism

Electron Transport Chain

21
Q

What are the byproducts of aerobic respitation?

A

CO2 and H2O

22
Q

Why would fatigue be felt in iron deficiency anemia?

A

Because iron containing cytochromes in the electron transport chain in tissues such as skeletal msucle are affected as well.

23
Q

What two process compose oxidative phosphorylation?

A
  • Electron Transport Chain
  • Chemiosmosis
24
Q

Discuss key steps of oxidative phosphorylation:

A
  • Delivery of electrons by NADH and FADH2
  • Electron transfer and proton pumping
  • Splitting of oxygen to form water
  • Gradient-driven synthesis of ATP
25
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

Discuss: Delivery of electrons by NADH and FADH2,

A

Reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2) from other steps of cellular respiration transfer their electrons to molecules near the beginning of the transport chain.

In the process, they turn back into NAD^+​+​​start superscript, plus, end superscript and FAD, which can be reused in other steps of cellular respiration.

26
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation - Discuss:

Electron transfer and proton pumping

A

As electrons are passed down the chain, they move from a higher to a lower energy level, releasing energy.

Some of the energy is used to pump H​+​​ ions, moving them out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space. This pumping establishes an electrochemical gradient.

27
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation - Discuss

Splitting of oxygen to form water.

A

At the end of the electron transport chain, electrons are transferred to molecular oxygen, which splits in half and takes up H+ to form water.

28
Q

Discuss: Gradient-driven synthesis of ATP

A

As H+ ions flow down their gradient and back into the matrix, they pass through an enzyme called ATP synthase, which harnesses the flow of protons to synthesize ATP.

29
Q

Overall, what does the electron transport chain do for the cell?

A
  • Regenerates electron carriers
  • Makes a proton gradient
30
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

process, in which energy from a proton gradient is used to make ATP.

More broadly, chemiosmosis can refer to any process in which energy stored in a proton gradient is used to do work.

31
Q

Which process within cellular respiration yields the most ATPs from glucose break down?

A

Chemiosmosis accounts for over 80% of ATP made during glucose breakdown in cellular respiration

Patho Exam 1 (8 decks)

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