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Patho Exam 1 > Cell Injury > Flashcards

Cell Injury Flashcards

1
Q

How do extreme temperatures injure cells?

A

-Inducing vascular injury -accelerating cell metabolism -inactivating temp-sensitive enzymes -disrupting cell membrane

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2
Q

What happens with more intense heat?

A

Coagulation of blood vessels and tissue proteins occurs

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3
Q

What happens with exposure to cold?

A

-increases blood viscosity and induces vasoconstriction by direct action and through reflex of sympathetic nervous system. -hypoxic tissue injury due to low blood flow -ice crystal formation and vasoconstriction

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4
Q

Why does edema occur with lower temperatures?

A

Decreased blood flow lead to capillary stasis and arteriolar and capillary thrombosis. Edema results from increased capillary permeability.

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5
Q

What is considered ionizing radiation?

A

Radiation energy above the UV range. Photons have enough energy to knock e- off atoms and molecules.

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6
Q

What is non ionizing radiation?

A

Radiation energy at frequencies below those of visible light.

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7
Q

How does ionizing radiation affect cells?

A

Causes ionization of molecules and atoms in the cell, by directly hitting the target molecules in the cell, or by producing free radicals that interact with critical cell components.

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8
Q

What can occur to a cell if exposed to ionizing radiation?

A

-Immediately kill it -interrupt cell replication -cause variety of genetic mutations

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9
Q

Where do we see most ionizing radiation injuries?

A

Caused by localized irradiation that is used in Ca Tx.

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10
Q

When might be a “normal” to expose patients to high doses of irradiation?

A

Pt. precedes bone marrow transplantation.

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11
Q

Which cells are more susceptible to ionizing radiation?

A

Bone Marrow and Intestine (because they have rapidly dividing cells) (as opposed to bone or skeletal muscle)

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12
Q

What can we expect with occupational exposure of ionizing radiation?

A

-skin ca -leukemia -oteogenic sarcomas -lung cancer

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13
Q

Clinical manifestations of radiation injury:

A

-acute cell injury -changes in blood vessels that supply irradiated tissue -fibrotic tissue replacement

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14
Q

What is cell’s initial response to radiation injury?

A

-swelling -disruption of the mitochondria -cell membrane alterations -changes in nucleus

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15
Q

Which cells more sensitive to rad injury in vasculature?

A

endothelial cells

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16
Q

What are signs of radiation related acute reversible necrosis injury?

A

-radiation cystitis -dermatitis -diarrhea from enteritis

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17
Q

What are chronic effects or radiation?

A

-fibrosis -Scarring of tissues and organs in the irradiated area

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18
Q

What type of cellular damage does tylenol OD produce?

A

Tylenol metabolized in liver - one metabolite highly toxic - if OD present - large amounts of metabolite causes massive liver necrosis.

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19
Q

Where can a child be exposed to lead?

A

-ingestion of peeling paint -breathing lead paint dust -playing in contaminated soil

20
Q

How is lead absorbed into the body?

A

Through GI or lungs.

21
Q

What deficiency makes lead absorption easier?

A

-Calcium -Iron -Zinc

22
Q

What is the most common route of lead absorption in children?

A

Lungs

23
Q

Does lead cross placenta into fetus?

A

Yes

24
Q

When absorbed, where is lead stored?

A

Bone

25
Q

How is lead excreted?

A

Kidneys

26
Q

How does lead poison?

A

-inactivate enzymes -compete with calcium in bone incorporation -interfere w/ nerve transmission/brain development

27
Q

What are the major targets of lead toxicity?

A

-red blood cells -GI tract -kidneys -nervous system

28
Q

Cardinal sign of lead poisoning?

A

Anemia -red cells are coasely stippled and hypchromic, resemebling those of iron-deficiency anemia.

29
Q

Main symptom source in adults of lead posining?

A

Abdominal pain. Lead line - along gingival margins (not seen in children)

30
Q

Does lead poisoning lead to HTN?

A

Yes

31
Q

How does lead affect the nervous system?

A

Demyelination of cerebral and cerbellar white matter and death of coritcal cells.

32
Q

What serious manifestation of lead poisoning affecting nervous system?

A

Acute encephalopathy: -persistent vomiting -ataxia -seizure -papilledema -impaired consciousness -coma

33
Q

Drugs and Cell Injury

A

Left Blank

34
Q

Accidental Hypothermia

A

Unintentional drop in core body temperature below 35C (95F).

At these temps - comp mechanisms that conserve temperature start to fail.

35
Q

Primary accidental hypothermia

A

Physiologic result of a previously healthy person to the changes that occur with cold.

36
Q

Secondary hypothermia

A

Consequence of serious systemic disorder (i.e. endocrine disorder)

Has much higher mortality rate.

37
Q

Why are neo nates at higher risk for heat loss?

A

Increased surface to mass ratio

lack of shivering

lack of other behavioral responses

38
Q

Hyperthermia

A

Uncontrolled increase in body temp that exceeds body ability to lose heat

39
Q

Three types of heat injury:

A

Heat cramps - tx w/ Na replacement

Heat stroke - life threatening temp 106F (41C) - peripheral vasodilation and decrease in circulating blood volume

Heat Exhaustion - happens when enough salt and water loss - results in hemoconcentraiton - Hypotension r/t to fluid loss - feels weak, nauseated / can collapase from hypovolemia. MOST COMMON HEAT INJURY

40
Q

Factors affecting high altitude sickness

A

Rate of altitude ascent

Final altitude reached

Altitude at which person sleeps

Individual physiology

Other risk factors:

CV/Pulm conditions

Residence at low altitude

Hx of altitude sickness

Level of exertion at altitude

41
Q

Acute Mountain Sickness

A

Nonspecific symptoms

Present few hours after ascent

H/A

Loss appetite

N/V

Weakness

Lassitude

Dizziness

Difficulty sleeping

Relatively Benign - does not include abnormal neuro symptoms, if so, think HACE

42
Q

Hight Altitude Cerebral Edema

A

Onset of ataxia, ALOC, Severe lassitude

Severe h/a, n/v

43
Q

In AMS and HACE what produces h/a?

A

Hypoxemia-induced cerebral vasodilation, w/ significant increase in blood flow.

44
Q

What is HAPE?

A

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema

45
Q

Discuss HAPE

A

non cardiogenic pulmonary edema associated with pulm. HTN and elevated capillary pressure

Related to rate of ascent, ultimate alt. reached, and individual suceptability

Patho Exam 1 (8 decks)

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