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CELL DYNAMICS(cell biology) > cell organelles > Flashcards

cell organelles Flashcards

1
Q

cytoskeletal filaments

A

provide tracts for moving organelles around and for directing traffic of vesicles between them.

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2
Q

motor proteins

A

drive the skeletal filaments movements, that use energy of ATP hydrolysis to propel the organelles and vesicles along the filaments.

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3
Q

organelles examples:

A

cytosol
cytoplasm
nucleus
endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
mitochondrion
lysosome
peroxisome
vacuole

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4
Q

cytosol =

A

concentrated aqueous gel

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5
Q

cytoplasm

A

cytosol + membrane bounded organelles except nucleus

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6
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

a network of protein filaments that extend throughout the cell: actin filaments, microtubules & intermediate filaments.
The cytoskeleton allows for the movement of organelles around the cell.

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7
Q

nuclear lamina

A

Array of protein filaments, anchor-sites for chromatin

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8
Q

nucleolus

A

Prominent structure in non-dividing nucleus

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9
Q

Nuclear Pore

A

Are protein-lined channels in the nuclear envelope.

Appear as perforations on the surface of the nucleus.

Allow for passage of materials from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

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10
Q

what is the nucleolus site of???

A

it is the site of RNA transcription and processing and ribosome assembly

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11
Q

Chromatin

A

genomic DNA + proteins

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12
Q

nucleosome

A

is a structure where DNA is tightly packed around proteins known as histones

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13
Q

Heterochromatin

A

This is the condensed form of chromatin organisation and is the inactive form of chromatin.

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14
Q

Euchromatin

A

It is the lighter region of the nucleus and is most abundant in active cells because it is the active form of chromatin.

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15
Q

the nucleoplasm contains substances such as :

A

Nucleotides (for DNA replication and transcription)
Proteins/Enzymes (for all nuclear functions)

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16
Q

3 Key Processes of the Nucleus

A

Replication
Transcription
Translation

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17
Q

Replication

A

mediates copying of DNA in the cell cycle which is essential for the development and growth of a cell.

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18
Q

Transcription

A

controls the production of messenger RNA is produced in the nucleus using DNA as a template.

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19
Q

Translation

A

mRNA is transported via the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm for the synthesis of specific proteins which in turn have specific cellular functions (e.g. regulating metabolism, initiating mitosis)

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20
Q

LSU and SSU

A

are described as Svedberg (s) units

21
Q

Svedberg (s) units

A

which are based upon their rate of sedimentation in a centrifuge.

22
Q

SMOOTH ER

A

Agranular ER - has no ribosomes attached

23
Q

ROUGH ER

A

Granular ER - has ribosomes attached

24
Q

Functions of ER

A

The general function of the ER is in the synthesis, activation and transport of macromolecules in the cell, however depending on the addition of ribosomes or not, the ER has specific functions such as:

SMOOTH ER: outer surface lacks ribosome. Contains enzymes important in synthesis of lipids and steroids, detoxification of drugs and poisons, metabolism of carbohydrates, stores CA2+, enzyme reactions.

ROUGH ER: ribosomes stud outer surface, proteins produced on ribosomes, protein and lipid transport and secretion.

25
Q

cisternae

A

network of membranous tubules and sacs

26
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Distribution and shipping centre for the cells chemical processes

27
Q

CIS FACE (near face)

A

receiving area
(convex)

28
Q

TRANS FACE

A

shipping area
(concave)

29
Q

Functions of the Golgi

A

products synthesised in the ER are transported to the GA for the following functions:

Modification of products (with Golgi enzymes)
Storage of products
Sorting and Transport of products for various parts of the cell

30
Q

Lysosomes

A

membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, produced in the Golgi

31
Q

Digestive Enzymes

A

break down cellular waste products, fats, carbohydrates and proteins which sent back to the cell to serve as building blocks for new products.

32
Q

PHAGOCYTOSIS

A

cell engulfs microorganisms/large particles, fusion with lysosome. Digestion products, simple sugars, amino acids pass into cytosol.

33
Q

AUTOPHAGY

A

recycling of cells own organic material, damaged organelle becomes surrounded by membrane, fusion with lysosome: cell continually renews itself.

34
Q

Lysosomal enzyme Examples

A

LIPASE digests lipids
AMYLASE digests carbohydrates
PROTEASES digest proteins
NUCLEASES digest nucleic acids

35
Q

PEROXISOMES

A

Specialised metabolic compartment bounded by single membrane.
first isolated from liver cells.

Contain enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by-product.

oxidative reactions include:
Break down fatty acids into smaller molecules that can be transported to mitochondria.
Destroy toxic molecules

hydrogen peroxide itself is toxic: enzymes contained in peroxisome that converts it to water.

36
Q

How To Identify Lysosomes & Peroxisomes

A

LYSOSOMES:
Larger
Darker in color

PEROXISOMES:
Smaller
Lighter in color

37
Q

vacuole

A

is a membrane-bound sac
formed by pinching in of the plasma membrane

38
Q

what is the endomembrane system?

A

A group of cell membranes and organelles that are mutually interconnected, either by being directly continuous with one another or by sending one another vesicles.

39
Q

what organelles form the endomembrane system?

A

Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma Membrane

40
Q

Mitochondrial Membranes

A

Outer Membrane
Inter-membrane Space
Inner Membrane
Matrix

41
Q

Outer Membrane

A

Contains integral proteins called porins (allow molecules to freely diffuse from one side of membrane to other)

42
Q

Inter-membrane Space

A

Between outer and inner membrane. Outer membrane is freely permeable to small molecules so concentrations of ions and sugars in this space is same as cytosol.

43
Q

Inner Membrane

A

Double phospholipid layer, site of ATP production. Cristae folds allow more surface area so that ability to produce ATP enhanced.

44
Q

Matrix

A

Fluid that fills area inside inner membrane. Also important for ATP production with the aid of ATP synthase contained in inner membrane.

45
Q

Mitochondrial DNA

A

mtDNA has a high mutation rate compared to nuclear DNA.

Used to study maternal family lines ad recent evolutionary events.

46
Q

Photosynthesis

A

converting light energy to chemical energy and thus food for the plant.

47
Q

stroma

A

contains the chloroplast DNA and ribosomes. Chloroplasts replicate autonomously.

48
Q

Lamella

A

are internal membranes with stacks of hollow disks called thylakoids

49
Q

Thylakoids

A

contains chlorophyll which absorbs the light and begins the process of photosynthesis.

CELL DYNAMICS(cell biology) (9 decks)

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