cell membrane

Question 1

cell membrane function

Answer 1

transport raw materials in
transport manufactured products/waste out
prevent entry of unwanted materials
prevent the escape of necessary materials

Question 2

cell membrane structure

Answer 2

phospholipids (hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails)
cholesterol (regulates rigidity in different temps.)
proteins (channel/carrier)
proteins w/ carbohydrates (identify self)

Question 3

fluid mosaic model

Answer 3

describes membrane’s structure; fluid-like to allow free movement of phospholipids, mosaic of the different components

Question 4

active transport

Answer 4

transport moving against the gradient from low concentration to high concentration, requiring energy (ATP)

Question 5

passive transport

Answer 5

transport moving with the gradient from high concentration to low concentration, doesn’t require energy

Question 6

simple diffusion

Answer 6

passage of small uncharged molecules to the point of equilibrium

Question 7

facilitated diffusion

Answer 7

passage of molecules unable to diffuse alone through the help of channel/carrier proteins

Question 8

osmosis

Answer 8

diffusion of water

Question 9

isotonic solution

Answer 9

water concentration in cell is equal to outside

Question 10

hypertonic solution

Answer 10

water concentration is less outside than in cell (shrivelled diagram, plasmolysis)

Question 11

hypotonic

Answer 11

water concentration more outside than in (about to burst, cytolysis)

Question 12

sodium-potassium pump

Answer 12

preshaped pump that carries 3 sodium and 2 potassium ions by using 1 phosphate

Question 13

endocytosis

Answer 13

vacuole brings products necessary into the cell

Question 14

pinocytosis

Answer 14

endocytosis of fluids

Question 15

receptor mediated

Answer 15

endocytosis of specific molecules by attaching to personalized proteins

Question 16

photosynthesis equation

Answer 16

6CO2 + 6H2O = 6O2 + 6C6H12O6

Question 17

photosynthesis

Answer 17

the process by which an organism captures the energy of the sun to produce oxygen and glucose

Question 18

importance of photosynthesis

Answer 18

chief source of energy on earth
supplies most of the oxygen in the atmosphere
first step in the food chain

Question 19

autotroph

Answer 19

organisms that use photosynthesis and produce their own food/energy

Question 20

heterotroph

Answer 20

organisms that can’t use photosynthesis and must capture their food. rely on photosynthesis, whether directly or indirectly

Question 21

photosynthetic pigments

Answer 21

chlorophyll A
chlorophyll B
carotene
xanthophyll

Question 22

light reaction

Answer 22

first part of photosynthesis
reaction that takes place in the thylakoid, using the sun’s energy to produce oxygen and high energy compounds used in calvin cycle

Question 23

dark reaction

Answer 23

second part of photosynthesis

reaction that takes place in the stromae, using compounds from the light reaction to produce glucose

Question 24

rate of photosynthesis

Answer 24

light intensity - more = faster
temperature - best between 0-35 degrees celsius
water - less = slower
minerals - less = slower

Question 25

cellular respiration

Answer 25

process of releasing energy within a cell through a series of reactions (breakdown of glucose, mostly)
occurs in cytoplasm and mitochondria
happens in all cells

Question 26

cellular respiration equation

Answer 26

C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 = 6H2O + ATP

Question 27

aerobic respiration

Answer 27

respiration requiring oxygen
produces 36 ATP
occurs in mitochondria
(glycolysis, link reaction, Kreb’s cycle, ETC)

Question 28

glycolysis

Answer 28

first stage of cellular respiration
a glucose molecule splits into 2 three-carbon molecules called pyruvates
2 ATP are generated

Question 29

Kreb’s cycle

Answer 29

next step of aerobic respiration
reactions that occur when the pyruvate molecules enter the mitochondria
runs once for each pyruvate, 2 ATP produced

Question 30

electron transport chain

Answer 30

final step aerobic respiration
series of ATP generating reactions in the mitochondria
32 ATP produced

Question 31

ATP

Answer 31

adenosine triphosphate
high energy compound used when glucose is not readily available
releases energy with greater control than glucose
bonds break making ADP + phosphate

Question 32

anaerobic respiration

Answer 32

respiration that occurs if there is a lack of oxygen
alcoholic fermentation (2C2H6OH + 2CO2)
lactic fermentation (2C3H6O3)

Question 33

carbon cycle

Answer 33

respiration and photosynthesis are symbiotic and rely on each other
this happens because the carbon cycle ensures that carbon is cycled through the land, water and air