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RADT 155 Radiation Biology > Cell Life & Protection > Flashcards

Cell Life & Protection Flashcards

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1
Q

Carbon makes up how much of the body

A

10.7%

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2
Q

Nitrogen makes up how much of the body

A

2.4%

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3
Q

protein makes up what percentage of the body

A

15%

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4
Q

which molecule helps with metabolism

A

water

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5
Q

proteins mainly help with ___ and ___

A

tissue repair and rehabilitation

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6
Q

what are the three types of proteins

A

enzymes, hormones, antibodies

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7
Q

catalysts that help break down food (catabolism)

A

enzymes

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8
Q

how many amino acids make up 1 protein

A

22 amino acids

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9
Q

which molecule is for insulation, protection, and gives structure to our body

A

lipids

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10
Q

what are lipids made up of

A

1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids

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11
Q

what 3 elements make up lipids and carbohydrates

A

C H O

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12
Q

What is protein synthesis

A

the gathering of parts to make proteins for the repair/rehabilitation of cell structures

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13
Q

Which nitrogenous bases are purines

A

Adenine and Guanine

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14
Q

name the pyrimidines of the DNA nitrogenous bases

A

Cytosine and Thymine

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15
Q

The nitrogenous bases of the DNA strand make up the

A

genetic code

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16
Q

what are nucleotides made up of?

A

deoxyribose (sugar) and phosphate (hold nitrogenous bases)

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17
Q

Name the pyridmidines of the RNA nitrogenous bases

A

Cytosine and Uracil

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18
Q

Chromosomes contain

A

genes

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19
Q

How many chromosomes are there in the body?

A

46

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20
Q

1 chromosome = how many genes?

A

100s of genes

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21
Q

1 gene = how many DNA molecules?

A

1 DNA molecule

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22
Q

Only these two elements are present in the body as elements

A

Oxygen and Nitrogen

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23
Q

Organic material all contains

A

carbon

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24
Q

radiation effects occur at the ___ level

A

cellular

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25
Q

radiation interactions occur at the ____ level

A

atomic

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26
Q

what is the sequence of sublethal damage from radiation?

A

repairs itself and becomes normal again

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27
Q

hydrogen makes up how much of the body

A

60%

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28
Q

1 gy equals how many rads

A

100 rads

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29
Q

How many genes are contained in all 46 chromosomes?

A

30,000

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30
Q

What does the nucleus of the cell contain

A

ribonucleic acid and proteins

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31
Q

Where does protein synthesis occur in the cell?

A

Ribosomes

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32
Q

what are the 3 interphase phases?

A

G1, S, G2

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33
Q

which interphase is the most radiosensitive for the cell

A

G1

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34
Q

Carbohydrates also may be referred to as

A

Saccharides

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35
Q

Human cells contain which 4 major organic compounds?

A

proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids

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36
Q

What is the process of reduction cell division?

A

meiosis

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37
Q

which cellular organelle functions as a cellular garbage disposal

A

lysosomes

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38
Q

What type of membrane is the nuclear envelope that separates the nucleus from other parts of the cell?

A

double walled membrane

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39
Q

What are the functions of the cell membrane?

A

protect from the outside environment and control the passage of water

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40
Q

the primary energy source for the cell is

A

glucose

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41
Q

Cytosine bonds only with which nitrogenous base?

A

Guanine

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42
Q

22 different ____ are involved in protein synthesis

A

amino acids

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43
Q

what is the process of locating and identifying the genes in the human genome

A

mapping

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44
Q

meiosis is the process of

A

reduction cell division

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45
Q

what is of primary importance in maintaining adequate amounts of intracellular fluid

A

potassium

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46
Q

The S phase of mitosis is the

A

actual DNA synthesis

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47
Q

When a cell divides, the genetic-containing material contracts into tiny rod shaped bodies called

A

chromosomes

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48
Q

nitrogenous base pairs form the

A

steps of rungs of the DNA ladderlike structure

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49
Q

In a DNA macromolecule, this sequence determines the characteristics of every living thing

A

nitrogenous organic base

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50
Q

Radiation induced chromosome damage may be evaluated during which cellular life phase ?

A

metaphase

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51
Q

If exposure to ionizing radiation damages the components involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair, what will the cells do?

A

either function abnormally or die

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52
Q

Which blood cell produces antibodies?

A

lymphocytes

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53
Q

which cell component controls cell division as well as biochemical reactions occurring within the cell?

A

nucleus

54
Q

Chemical secretions that are manufactured by endocrine glands?

A

hormones

55
Q

somatic cells divide through the process of

A

mitosis

56
Q

proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids are which type of compounds?

A

organic

57
Q

what is the basic constituent of all organic matter

A

carbon

58
Q

3 inorganic compounds found within the body

A

acids, bases, and salts,

59
Q

How many cells make up the human body?

A

trillions

60
Q

What is the motility of leukocytes

A

free moving cell

61
Q

substance that carries on complex processes of metabolism, reception, and processing of food and oxygen, as well as elimination of waste

A

protoplasm

62
Q

biomolecules that comprise protoplasm are formed from ___ different elements

A

24

63
Q

name the 4 primary elements of the protoplasm

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

64
Q

when biomolecules of the protoplasm are combined with phosphors and sulfur they comprise the essential major organic compounds ____

A

proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids

65
Q

the most important inorganic substances in the body are

A

water and salts

66
Q

the most elementary building block of the cell and constitute 15% of cell content

A

proteins

67
Q

amino acids are made up of what molecules

A

NH2 and COOH

68
Q

____ provide fuel for cell metabolism

A

carbohydrates

69
Q

____ maintain correct portion of water in the cell

A

mineral salts

70
Q

the portion outside the nucleus in which all metabolic activity occurs

A

cytoplasm

71
Q

cell structure that transports food and molecules from one part of the cell to another

A

endoplasmic reticulum

72
Q

cell structure that unites large carbohydrate molecules with proteins to form glycoproteins

A

golgi apparatus

73
Q

cell structure that contain enzymes that produce energy for cellular activity

A

mitochondria

74
Q

cell structure that breaks down unwnated large molecules, rupture of these will cause cell death

A

lysosomes

75
Q

cell structure that synthesizes proteins

A

ribosomes

76
Q

genetic cells divide through

A

meiosis

77
Q

meiosis is similar to mitosis, except no ___ replication occurs in telophase

A

DNA

78
Q

How many chromosomes make up the human body

A

46

79
Q

How many base pairs are in the human body’s 30,000 genes

A

2.9 billion

80
Q

pea-like sacs that act as a garbage disposal of the cell

A

lysosomes

81
Q

mitochondria break down carbs, fats, and proteins through the process of

A

oxidative metabolism

82
Q

assembly of larger molecules into smaller ones

A

anabolism

83
Q

break down of organic materials to produce energy is called

A

catabolism

84
Q

potassium contributes the majority of positive ions called

A

cations

85
Q

phosphorus contributes the majority of negative ions called

A

anions

86
Q

movement of water across cell surfaces and membranes with high concentrations of ions

A

osmosis

87
Q

these cell structures play a significant role in the formation of the mitotic spindle

A

centrioles

88
Q

M phase of cellular life

A

mitosis phase

89
Q

G1 phase of cellular life

A

pre-DNA synthesis phase

90
Q

S phase of cellular life

A

Synthesis phase

91
Q

G2 phase of cellular life

A

post-DNA synthesis phase

92
Q

prophase of cellular life

A

nucleus swells and the DNA becomes prominent and takes structural form

93
Q

metaphase of cellular life

A

chromosomes line up on the equater, are MOST visible

94
Q

anaphase of cellular life

A

mitosis phase where each chromosome splits into 2 chromatids

95
Q

telophase of cellular life

A

divides into 2 equal parts

96
Q

interphase of cellular life

A

rest period between each of the periods of growth

97
Q

______ say that there is a pre-stage interphase that is the stage prior to mitosis

A

biologists

98
Q

3 phases of interphase according to biologists

A

G1 S G2

99
Q

when 1 photon hits an Rh factor the product is

A

3 free radicals

100
Q

building material of cells that regulates the process of metabolism

A

protoplasm

101
Q

most sensitive radiosensitive phase according to geneticists

A

prophase

102
Q

total human dose of radiation per year

A

5.5 mSv or 55 rem

103
Q

percentage of radiation that comes from natural sources

A

55%

104
Q

In a DNA and RNA moleculeS, Guanine is always paired with

A

Cytosine

105
Q

In a DNA molecule, Adenine is always paired with

A

Thymine

106
Q

In an RNA molecule, Adenine is always paired with

A

Uracil

107
Q

mineral salts in inorganic compounds are made up of what 4 elements

A

potassium, phosphate, sodium, chloride

108
Q

2 types of motility for the cell

A

passive and active

109
Q

response to external stimuli is known as

A

excitability

110
Q

transport of stimuli to signals so the cell can react is known as

A

conductivity

111
Q

the ability to undergo change

A

contractibility

112
Q

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not contain

A

ribosomes

113
Q

golgi apparatus contains ___ that are used for ___

A

glycoproteins used for energy

114
Q

3 types of passive transport

A

diffusion, osmosis, filtration

115
Q

transport of goods from greater to lower pressure

A

diffusion

116
Q

transport of goods from lower to greater pressure

A

osmosis

117
Q

passive transport that is moved by pressure

A

filtration

118
Q

3 base pairs is called

A

CODON

119
Q

all cells except germ cells are called

A

somatic cells

120
Q

what determines 1 of the 22 amino acids for protein synthesis

A

CODON (3 base pairs)

121
Q

____ searches through the cytoplasm for necessary amino acids and carries them to the ribosome

A

tRNA

122
Q

2 examples of things moved by active transport

A

Enzymes and waste removal

123
Q

Regulates homeostasis and allows electrical transmissions to the heart

A

Mineral salts

124
Q

Proteins that regulate metabolism

A

Hormones

125
Q

A model of cell generation includes DNA synthesis phases. In what order do they occur?

A

G1, S, G2, Mitosis

126
Q

Cystine and thymine are both

A

pyridimines

127
Q

The elements combined with phosphorus and sulphur form the essential major

A

organic compounds

128
Q

Which of the following provides a method to calculate the effective absorbed dose for ALL
types of ionizing radiations?

A

dose equivalency

129
Q

The minimum skin to source distance allowable in fixed fluoroscopy is:

A

15 inches

130
Q

The total average annual absorbed dose equivalent for U.S. inhabitants from artificial and natural sources of radiation is about

A

6 mSv

131
Q

Radioactive nuclides naturally existing within the human body, contribute about percent (%) to an average adult American’s yearly dose

A

5%

132
Q

Natural sources of radiation include

A

radium in the earth
strontium- 90
celestial bodies

RADT 155 Radiation Biology (5 decks)

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