Cell Life & Protection Flashcards
Carbon makes up how much of the body
10.7%
Nitrogen makes up how much of the body
2.4%
protein makes up what percentage of the body
15%
which molecule helps with metabolism
water
proteins mainly help with ___ and ___
tissue repair and rehabilitation
what are the three types of proteins
enzymes, hormones, antibodies
catalysts that help break down food (catabolism)
enzymes
how many amino acids make up 1 protein
22 amino acids
which molecule is for insulation, protection, and gives structure to our body
lipids
what are lipids made up of
1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids
what 3 elements make up lipids and carbohydrates
C H O
What is protein synthesis
the gathering of parts to make proteins for the repair/rehabilitation of cell structures
Which nitrogenous bases are purines
Adenine and Guanine
name the pyrimidines of the DNA nitrogenous bases
Cytosine and Thymine
The nitrogenous bases of the DNA strand make up the
genetic code
what are nucleotides made up of?
deoxyribose (sugar) and phosphate (hold nitrogenous bases)
Name the pyridmidines of the RNA nitrogenous bases
Cytosine and Uracil
Chromosomes contain
genes
How many chromosomes are there in the body?
46
1 chromosome = how many genes?
100s of genes
1 gene = how many DNA molecules?
1 DNA molecule
Only these two elements are present in the body as elements
Oxygen and Nitrogen
Organic material all contains
carbon
radiation effects occur at the ___ level
cellular
radiation interactions occur at the ____ level
atomic
what is the sequence of sublethal damage from radiation?
repairs itself and becomes normal again
hydrogen makes up how much of the body
60%
1 gy equals how many rads
100 rads
How many genes are contained in all 46 chromosomes?
30,000
What does the nucleus of the cell contain
ribonucleic acid and proteins
Where does protein synthesis occur in the cell?
Ribosomes
what are the 3 interphase phases?
G1, S, G2
which interphase is the most radiosensitive for the cell
G1
Carbohydrates also may be referred to as
Saccharides
Human cells contain which 4 major organic compounds?
proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids
What is the process of reduction cell division?
meiosis
which cellular organelle functions as a cellular garbage disposal
lysosomes
What type of membrane is the nuclear envelope that separates the nucleus from other parts of the cell?
double walled membrane
What are the functions of the cell membrane?
protect from the outside environment and control the passage of water
the primary energy source for the cell is
glucose
Cytosine bonds only with which nitrogenous base?
Guanine
22 different ____ are involved in protein synthesis
amino acids
what is the process of locating and identifying the genes in the human genome
mapping
meiosis is the process of
reduction cell division
what is of primary importance in maintaining adequate amounts of intracellular fluid
potassium
The S phase of mitosis is the
actual DNA synthesis
When a cell divides, the genetic-containing material contracts into tiny rod shaped bodies called
chromosomes
nitrogenous base pairs form the
steps of rungs of the DNA ladderlike structure
In a DNA macromolecule, this sequence determines the characteristics of every living thing
nitrogenous organic base
Radiation induced chromosome damage may be evaluated during which cellular life phase ?
metaphase
If exposure to ionizing radiation damages the components involved in molecular synthesis beyond repair, what will the cells do?
either function abnormally or die
Which blood cell produces antibodies?
lymphocytes
which cell component controls cell division as well as biochemical reactions occurring within the cell?
nucleus
Chemical secretions that are manufactured by endocrine glands?
hormones
somatic cells divide through the process of
mitosis
proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids are which type of compounds?
organic
what is the basic constituent of all organic matter
carbon
3 inorganic compounds found within the body
acids, bases, and salts,
How many cells make up the human body?
trillions
What is the motility of leukocytes
free moving cell
substance that carries on complex processes of metabolism, reception, and processing of food and oxygen, as well as elimination of waste
protoplasm
biomolecules that comprise protoplasm are formed from ___ different elements
24
name the 4 primary elements of the protoplasm
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
when biomolecules of the protoplasm are combined with phosphors and sulfur they comprise the essential major organic compounds ____
proteins, carbs, lipids, nucleic acids
the most important inorganic substances in the body are
water and salts
the most elementary building block of the cell and constitute 15% of cell content
proteins
amino acids are made up of what molecules
NH2 and COOH
____ provide fuel for cell metabolism
carbohydrates
____ maintain correct portion of water in the cell
mineral salts
the portion outside the nucleus in which all metabolic activity occurs
cytoplasm
cell structure that transports food and molecules from one part of the cell to another
endoplasmic reticulum
cell structure that unites large carbohydrate molecules with proteins to form glycoproteins
golgi apparatus
cell structure that contain enzymes that produce energy for cellular activity
mitochondria
cell structure that breaks down unwnated large molecules, rupture of these will cause cell death
lysosomes
cell structure that synthesizes proteins
ribosomes
genetic cells divide through
meiosis
meiosis is similar to mitosis, except no ___ replication occurs in telophase
DNA
How many chromosomes make up the human body
46
How many base pairs are in the human body’s 30,000 genes
2.9 billion
pea-like sacs that act as a garbage disposal of the cell
lysosomes
mitochondria break down carbs, fats, and proteins through the process of
oxidative metabolism
assembly of larger molecules into smaller ones
anabolism
break down of organic materials to produce energy is called
catabolism
potassium contributes the majority of positive ions called
cations
phosphorus contributes the majority of negative ions called
anions
movement of water across cell surfaces and membranes with high concentrations of ions
osmosis
these cell structures play a significant role in the formation of the mitotic spindle
centrioles
M phase of cellular life
mitosis phase
G1 phase of cellular life
pre-DNA synthesis phase
S phase of cellular life
Synthesis phase
G2 phase of cellular life
post-DNA synthesis phase
prophase of cellular life
nucleus swells and the DNA becomes prominent and takes structural form
metaphase of cellular life
chromosomes line up on the equater, are MOST visible
anaphase of cellular life
mitosis phase where each chromosome splits into 2 chromatids
telophase of cellular life
divides into 2 equal parts
interphase of cellular life
rest period between each of the periods of growth
______ say that there is a pre-stage interphase that is the stage prior to mitosis
biologists
3 phases of interphase according to biologists
G1 S G2
when 1 photon hits an Rh factor the product is
3 free radicals
building material of cells that regulates the process of metabolism
protoplasm
most sensitive radiosensitive phase according to geneticists
prophase
total human dose of radiation per year
5.5 mSv or 55 rem
percentage of radiation that comes from natural sources
55%
In a DNA and RNA moleculeS, Guanine is always paired with
Cytosine
In a DNA molecule, Adenine is always paired with
Thymine
In an RNA molecule, Adenine is always paired with
Uracil
mineral salts in inorganic compounds are made up of what 4 elements
potassium, phosphate, sodium, chloride
2 types of motility for the cell
passive and active
response to external stimuli is known as
excitability
transport of stimuli to signals so the cell can react is known as
conductivity
the ability to undergo change
contractibility
the smooth endoplasmic reticulum does not contain
ribosomes
golgi apparatus contains ___ that are used for ___
glycoproteins used for energy
3 types of passive transport
diffusion, osmosis, filtration
transport of goods from greater to lower pressure
diffusion
transport of goods from lower to greater pressure
osmosis
passive transport that is moved by pressure
filtration
3 base pairs is called
CODON
all cells except germ cells are called
somatic cells
what determines 1 of the 22 amino acids for protein synthesis
CODON (3 base pairs)
____ searches through the cytoplasm for necessary amino acids and carries them to the ribosome
tRNA
2 examples of things moved by active transport
Enzymes and waste removal
Regulates homeostasis and allows electrical transmissions to the heart
Mineral salts
Proteins that regulate metabolism
Hormones
A model of cell generation includes DNA synthesis phases. In what order do they occur?
G1, S, G2, Mitosis
Cystine and thymine are both
pyridimines
The elements combined with phosphorus and sulphur form the essential major
organic compounds
Which of the following provides a method to calculate the effective absorbed dose for ALL
types of ionizing radiations?
dose equivalency
The minimum skin to source distance allowable in fixed fluoroscopy is:
15 inches
The total average annual absorbed dose equivalent for U.S. inhabitants from artificial and natural sources of radiation is about
6 mSv
Radioactive nuclides naturally existing within the human body, contribute about percent (%) to an average adult American’s yearly dose
5%
Natural sources of radiation include
radium in the earth
strontium- 90
celestial bodies
