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RADT 155 Radiation Biology > Acute, Late, Dose Response > Flashcards

Acute, Late, Dose Response Flashcards

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1
Q

damage to a living organism that was exposed

A

somatic damage

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2
Q

what determines whether an effect is acute or late?

A

time lag from exposure to first symptom

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3
Q

what does the amount of somatic damage done depend on?

A

quantity of radiation, type of radiation, LET, amount of body area exposed, and type of part exposed

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4
Q

what time frame will acute symptoms occur?

A

within minutes, hours, or days

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5
Q

common symptoms of acute radiation syndrome

A

nausea, vomiting, erythema, hair loss (epilation), blood and intestinal disorders

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6
Q

how many rads to suppress sperm count

A

10 rads

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7
Q

how many rads to delay or suppress menstruation

A

10 rads

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8
Q

how long should you wait to procreate if you have received 10 rads?

A

several months

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9
Q

how many rads cause genetic mutations

A

25 - 50 rads

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10
Q

how many rads cause temporary sterility (2 months)

A

200 rads

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11
Q

how many rads cause permanent sterility

A

500 rads

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12
Q

10 rads to local tissue will cause what

A

gonad disfunction

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13
Q

300 rads to a body part will cause what

A

skin erythema and / or epilation (hair loss)

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14
Q

5 rad to the whole body will cause what

A

chromosome aberrations

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15
Q

what dose rate will cause acute effects

A

protracted dose

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16
Q

25 rads to the whole body will cause what

A

hematologic depression (lower blood count)

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17
Q

100 rads to the whole body will cause what

A

ARS

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18
Q

how many dies of ARS at Chernobyl in 1986

A

30 individuals

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19
Q

how long does ARS take to kill?

A

days or weeks

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20
Q

four stages of radiation sickness (ARS)

A

prodromal, latent, manifest illness, death or recovery

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21
Q

how many rads until the prodromal stage will begin?

A

100 rads

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22
Q

symptoms of the prodromal stage

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, leukopenia (low white blood cell count)

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23
Q

how long do prodromal stage symptoms last

A

hours or days

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24
Q

at how many rads does the prodromal stage blend into manifest stage, skipping the latent period

A

over 1000 rads

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25
Q

definition of latent period

A

disappearance of symptoms

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26
Q

between 100-500 rads, how long does the latent period last?

A

days

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27
Q

over 1000+ rads, how long does the latent period last

A

hours or not at all (blends)

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28
Q

which ARS stage is characterized by the appearance of debilitating symptoms

A

manifest illness

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29
Q

hematologic manifest effects

A

changes in white cells, red cells, and platelets

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30
Q

GI manifest symptoms

A

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dehydration, weight loss

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31
Q

listlessness, apathy, sweating, fever, headache, high blood pressure are symptoms of what

A

neuromuscular or CNS manifest

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32
Q

when can repair and recovery occur with ARS?

A

when dose is small, allowing cells to reproduce and repair after exposure

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33
Q

how many rads causes hematological death

A

200-1000 rads

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34
Q

symptoms of hematologic death

A

infections, hemorrhage, dehydration

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35
Q

why is GI and CNS death not commonly seen?

A

death is more likely

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36
Q

how many rads causes GI death

A

1000 - 5000 rads

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37
Q

number 1 cause of damage and death with GI death

A

electrolyte imbalance, causing heart attack

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38
Q

how many rads cause CNS death

A

5000+ rads

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39
Q

survival time of hematological death

A

dose dependent ;)

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40
Q

how long until death if GI death is manifested?

A

within 4 - 10 days

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41
Q

how long until death if CNS death is manifested?

A

death within hours

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42
Q

symptoms of CNS death

A

lethargy, nervous and confused, loss of vision, loss of consciousness

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43
Q

possible latent period of CNS death

A

6-12 hours

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44
Q

causes of death from CNS death

A

fluid on brain and intracranial pressure, vasculitis, meningitis

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45
Q

whole body dose which will be lethal is known as

A

lethal dose (LD)

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46
Q

lethal dose at 350-450 rads to whole body

A

LD 50 / 30

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47
Q

lethal dose at 650 - 700 rads to whole body

A

LD 100 / 30

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48
Q

mean survival time is ____ proportional to dose

A

inversely

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49
Q

definition of mean survival time

A

as dose increases, the time between exposure and death decreases

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50
Q

mean survival time with hematologic syndrome

A

dose dependent

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51
Q

how long for recovery from hematologic syndrome if dose is not lethal?

A

2 - 4 weeks, up to 6 months recovery

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52
Q

mean survival time of GI syndrome

A

4 days

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53
Q

mean survival time of CNS death

A

0 - 3 days

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54
Q

dose response of epithelial tissue

A

non-linear, threshold

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55
Q

how many rads cause skin erythema in 1 - 2 days

A

300 - 1000 rads

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56
Q

meaning of SED50

A

50% of people get skin erythema dose at 600 rads

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57
Q

how are radiation sickness effects reduced in radiation therapy?

A

fractionated doses are given

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58
Q

dose of angiographic procedures

A

20 R/min

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59
Q

ovarian sensitivity at age 0 - 20

A

highly sensitive

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60
Q

ovarian sensitivity at age 20 - 30

A

decline in sensitivity

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61
Q

ovarian sensitivity at age 30+

A

sensitivity increased

62
Q

concerning DNA, at what dose do multi hit aberrations increase

A

above 100 rads

63
Q

dose response of DNA single hit

A

linear, non-threshold

64
Q

dose response of DNA multi hit

A

non linear, non threshold

65
Q

most significant type of latent human damage from radiation

A

multi-hits to DNA

66
Q

DNA hits during G1 (pre - synthesis) are known as

A

chromatid deletion

67
Q

how many rads causes a decrease in blood cell count

A

25 rads

68
Q

how many rads cause chromosome aberration

A

5 rads

69
Q

principal effect of radiation on hematologic tissue

A

decrease in number of cells in circulating blood

70
Q

two types of late effects

A

genetic effects and radiation induced malignancies

71
Q

what are radiation protection protocols based on?

A

late effects of low-dose radiation exposure

72
Q

dose response relationship of late effects

A

linear, non threshold (deterministic)

73
Q

study of effects on a large number of people

A

epidemiology

74
Q

difficulties of epidemiological studies on irradiation

A

small number of people, dose may be unknown, frequency of response may be low

75
Q

opacities of the lens of eyes causing loss of vision

A

cataracts

76
Q

dose required to induce the formation of cataracts

A

100 rads (1 gray)

77
Q

life span shortening time and dose

A

10 days shortened for every rad

78
Q

percentage of live births in US that have spontaneous mutations

A

10%

79
Q

populations that developed leukemia from radiation

A

atomic bomb survivors, radiologists, ankylosing spondylitis (fused bones) patients

80
Q

type of bomb that hit hiroshima

A

hydrogen bomb

81
Q

radiation type percentages produced by hydrogen bomb

A

50% gamma 50% neutron

82
Q

type of bomb dropped on nagasaki

A

plutonium bomb

83
Q

radiation type percentages produced by plutonium bomb

A

90% gamma 10% neutron

84
Q

relative risk of radiation induced leukemia

A

100 times the non-radiated populations

85
Q

threshold of radiation induced leukemia

A

50 rads

86
Q

latent period of radiation induced leukemia

A

4 to 7 years

87
Q

at risk period for radiation induced leukemia

A

20 years

88
Q

1940s radiologists average yearly dose

A

100 rads per year (leukemia)

89
Q

percentage of the population that dies from cancer

A

about 20%

90
Q

populations that developed thyroid cancer from radiation exposure

A

young children who were radiated for thymic enlargement

91
Q

dose and latent period of radiation induced thyroid cancer

A

doses up to 500 rads and latent period of 20 years

92
Q

populations that developed bone cancer from radiation exposure

A

radium dial painters

93
Q

half life of radium

A

1620 years

94
Q

relative risk of being a radium dial painter to develop cancer

A

122:1

95
Q

populations that developed skin cancer from radiation exposure

A

radiation therapy patients

96
Q

latent period of skin cancer

A

5 - 10 years

97
Q

dose amount and dose response relationship of skin cancer

A

500 - 2000 rads, linear threshold dose

98
Q

populations that developed breast cancer from radiation exposure

A

early TB patients treated under fluoroscopy, atomic bomb survivors

99
Q

doses received by early TB patients

A

anywhere between 75 - 1000 rads

100
Q

dose to the breast of atomic bomb survivors

A

above 10 rads to the breast

101
Q

populations that developed lung cancer as a result of radiation exposure

A

german / american uranium miners exposed to radon gas

102
Q

half life of uranium

A

10 years

103
Q

type of radiation uranium emits

A

alpha and beta

104
Q

doses to workers exposed to radon

A

as high as 3000 rads

105
Q

populations that developed liver cancer from radiation exposure

A

thorotrast patients

106
Q

agents used on thorotrast patients

A

thorium dioxide contrast agents

107
Q

latency period of liver cancer from radiation exposure

A

15 - 20 years (thorotrast patients)

108
Q

where are thorium dioxide particles deposited

A

phagocytes, concentrated in the liver

109
Q

3 types of risk estimates

A

relative risk, excess risk, absolute risk

110
Q

risk that estimates late effects in large population without knowing dose

A

relative risk

111
Q

formula for relative risk

A

observed cases (irradiated) divided by expected cases (not irradiated)

112
Q

range of relative risk

A

1 to 10

113
Q

what does 1.6 relative risk indicate?

A

an irradiated population has a 60% higher incident / responses

114
Q

risk that measures the magnitude of effect

A

excess risk

115
Q

formula for excess risk

A

observed cases minus expected cases

116
Q

what is required to calculate absolute risk?

A

when at least 2 different dose levels are known

117
Q

value of absolute risk equals

A

the slope of the line (linear relationship)

118
Q

usual range of absolute risk

A

1 - 10 cases per 100,000 persons per year

119
Q

result of local tissue damage from radiation to chromosomes

A

radiation induced leukemia and lymphoma

120
Q

result of local tissue damage from radiation to the skin

A

malignant changes, erythema, scaly, calloused hands (radiologists)

121
Q

threshold or start of ARS

A

100 rads

122
Q

percentage of babies born that have birth defects without radiation

A

20%

123
Q

visual representation of the relationships between the dose and the effect or response

A

dose response relationships

124
Q

why are dose response relationships important?

A

design therapeutic treatment doses, determine effects of low dose radiation, identify radiation protection activities

125
Q

point of radiation exposure that response begins

A

threshold

126
Q

visual representation of responses from dose

A

curve

127
Q

point on response curve that illustrates a level of stochastic effect PRIOR to irradiation

A

ambient

128
Q

dose curve that is a straight line

A

linear curve

129
Q

dose curve that is a curved line, not straight

A

non linear curve, curvylinear

130
Q

dose curve that looks like an S

A

sigmoid curve

131
Q

dose curve that represents complete data and overestimates risk

A

quadratic curve

132
Q

dose curve with two inflexion points

A

sigmoid curve

133
Q

point on curve that shows the speed where the rate of response changes

A

inflexion point

134
Q

dose curve that is directly proportional to dose

A

linear

135
Q

dose curve with a single inflexion where response changes during exposure

A

non linear

136
Q

dose curve where as the dose increases, it becomes increasingly effective per increment of dose until it plateaus

A

sigmoid or S-curve

137
Q

what type of exposure does quadratic curve represent

A

low dose, low LET exposure

138
Q

dose response relationship of leukemia

A

linear, non threshold

139
Q

dose response relationship of lung cancer

A

linear , non threshold

140
Q

dose response relationship of skin cancer

A

linear, threshold (500 rads)

141
Q

dose response relationship of bone cancer

A

linear, threshold

142
Q

dose response relationship of genetic effects

A

linear, non threshold

143
Q

dose response relationship of cataracts

A

linear, threshold

144
Q

dose required for cataracts (both protracted and fractionated)

A

acute 200 rads, fractionated 1000 rads

145
Q

what is CT dose to the eyes

A

about 5 rads per slice (total 50-100 rads)

146
Q

dose response and dose required for acute radiation syndrome

A

linear, threshold (100 rads)

147
Q

dose response relationship of sterility

A

linear, threshold

148
Q

dose response relationship of life span shortening

A

linear, non threshold

149
Q

dose response of DNA single hit

A

linear non threshold

150
Q

dose response of DNA multi hit

A

non linear non threshold

RADT 155 Radiation Biology (5 decks)

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