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RADT 155 Radiation Biology > Bio Review and Intro > Flashcards

Bio Review and Intro Flashcards

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1
Q

The total risk of genetic mutation or a malignancy appearing in a certain population; used when data on radiation doses is available; predicts that a specific number of excess malignancies will occur as a result of exposure

A

Absolute risk

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2
Q

The amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by the irradiated object; expressed in the SI unit—gray (Gy), or in the traditional unit—rad

A

Absorbed dose

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3
Q

The transfer of x-ray energy to the atoms of the biologic matter through which it passes

A

Absorption

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4
Q

The result of whole-body exposure to large doses of ionizing radiation (1 Gy [100 rad] or more) over a short period

A

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS)

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5
Q

Filters added outside the glass window of the x-ray tube housing above the collimator shutters

A

Added filtration

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6
Q

A scatter-reducing technique in which the image receptor is moved 10 to 15 cm away from the patient to allow low-energy scattered x-rays from the patient to be absorbed in the air before reaching the film

A

Air-gap technique

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7
Q

Constructive metabolism

A

Anabolism

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8
Q

The third phase of mitosis, in which the duplicated centromeres travel along the mitotic spindle to opposite sides of the cell.

A

Anaphase

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9
Q

A thyroid cancer study that consisted of individuals who had received radiation doses of 0.2 to 0.3 Gy (20 to 30 rad) to the thyroid gland shortly after birth for thymic enlargement caused by infection

A

Ann Arbor Series

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10
Q

A simple beam limitation device consisting of a flat piece of lead with a hole of a designated size and shape cut through it.

A

Aperture diaphragm

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11
Q

A nonmitotic or nondivision form of cell death that occurs when cells die without attempting division during the interphase portion of the cell life cycle; also called programmed cell death or interphase cell death

A

Apoptosis

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12
Q

Basic building blocks of all matter, including human tissue

A

Atoms

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13
Q

The 22 pairs of human chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes

A

Autosomes

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14
Q

Another name for use factor

A

Beam-direction factor

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15
Q

Device that limits a patient’s exposure to unnecessary x-rays by confining the primary beam to the area of clinical interest, thereby limiting the amount of body tissue irradiated

A

Beam-limitation device

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16
Q

Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation

A

BEIR Committee

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17
Q

A form of acute radiation syndrome that occurs when an individual receives a whole-body dose of ionizing radiation of 1 to 10 Gy (100 to 1000 rad); also known as hematopoietic syndrome.

A

Bone marrow syndrome

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18
Q

A protective shield that covers the Bucky slot opening in the side of the x-ray table during a fluoroscopic examination when the Bucky tray is moved to the foot end of the table

A

Bucky slot cover

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19
Q

An organic compound responsible for providing the body with fuel for energy and serving as a structural component of cell walls and the material between cells. Carbohydrates consist entirely of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen

A

Carbohydrate

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20
Q

The development of cancer

A

Carcinogenesis

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21
Q

Cancer-causing agents

A

Carcinogens

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22
Q

Solid tumors that start in the epithelial tissue; one of the two major categories of cancers

A

Carcinomas

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23
Q

Portable multiposition device often used in the operating room for orthopedic procedures; produces real-time (motion) images of a patient

A

C-arm fluoroscopy unit

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24
Q

Destructive metabolism

A

Catabolism

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25
Q

The barrier between the cell interior and the outside environment that regulates the materials passing into and out of the cell.

A

Cell membrane

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26
Q

One one-hundredth (1/100) of a gray; also equal to one rad. The centigray is replacing the rad for recording absorbed dose in therapeutic radiology.

A

Centigray (cGy)

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27
Q

A form of acute radiation syndrome that occurs when an individual receives a whole-body absorbed dose of ionizing radiation above 50 Gy (5000 rad); also known as cerebrovascular syndrome

A

Central nervous system syndrome

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28
Q

The two hollow, cylindrical structures that result from the division of the centrome

A

Centrioles

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29
Q

The clear region on a chromosome that connects chromatids

A

Centromere

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30
Q

The central body of a cell, critical to cell reproduction, which contains the centrioles

A

Centrosome

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31
Q

A form of acute radiation syndrome that occurs when an individual receives a whole-body absorbed dose of ionizing radiation above 50 Gy (5000 rad); also known as central nervous system syndrome

A

Cerebrovascular syndrome

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32
Q

A tightly coiled strand of DNA; also called daughter chromosome

A

Chromatid

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33
Q

Tiny, rod-shaped structures composed of genes

A

Chromosomes

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34
Q

Procedure using a movie-camera device (used most often in cardiology and neuroradiology); makes serial radiographic images that are recorded over a short time and then played back through a projector to allow study of motion within the patient

A

Cinefluorography

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35
Q

Shield (often used for breast and gonad shielding) made from a transparent plastic material containing 30% lead by weight; also called Lucite-Pb-equivalent shield

A

Clear-lead shield

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36
Q

Scattering that results when a low-energy x-ray photon interacts with an atom and the atom responds by releasing the excess energy it has received in the form of a scattered x-ray photon

A

Coherent scattering

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37
Q

Scattering that results when an incoming x-ray photon interacts with a loosely bound outer-shell electron, dislodges it from its orbit, and then continues in a new direction

A

Compton scattering

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38
Q

A type of beam-limitation device that confines the radiographic beam to a certain area; consists of a circular metal tube that attaches to the x-ray tube housing or variable rectangular collimator to limit the x-ray beam to a predetermined size and shape.

A

Cone

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39
Q

Areas occupied by employees who have been trained in radiation protection procedures and who wear radiation monitoring devices

A

Controlled area

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40
Q

The effect of ionizing radiation on DNA and other macromolecules after main-chain scission, which causes spur-like molecules on a molecular chain to stick to the molecular chain or to other molecules. See also main-chain scission.

A

Cross-linking

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41
Q

A radiation protection device used during fluoroscopy that either sounds an alarm or interrupts the x-ray beam after the fluoroscope has been activated for 5 minutes to ensure that the operator is aware of the ON time of the beam

A

Cumulative timer

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42
Q

The nickname for an ionization chamber type of gas-filled radiation detector; one of the two primary types of gas-filled radiation detectors

A

Cutie pie

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43
Q

The protoplasm that exists outside the nucleus of a cell.

A

Cytoplasm

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44
Q

Small components of cells contained in the cytoplasm that perform many functions of the cell.

A

Cytoplasmic organelles

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45
Q

The two sets of chromatids that develop during mitosis

A

Daughter chromosomes

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46
Q

A pregnancy that has been reported to a radiographer’s supervisor

A

Declared pregnancy

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47
Q

Instrument that measures the degree of blackening or density on radiographic film to determine the amount of radiation received and the energy of that radiation

A

Densitometer

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48
Q

The essential ingredient in chromosomes and carrier of the genetic code for cell reproduction and cell activity

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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49
Q

Biologic somatic effects of ionizing radiation that exhibit a threshold dose below which the effect does not normally occur and above which the severity of the biologic damage increases as the dose increases

A

Deterministic effects

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50
Q

The formation resulting when two adjacent chromosomes that are struck in the G1 phase join during the S phase of interphase; dicentric chromosomes generally result in cell death

A

Dicentric chromosome

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51
Q

Process by which ionized particles directly transfer energy to important macromolecules, resulting in the breaking of chemical bonds, which may cause biologic damage

A

Direct action

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52
Q

The most common type of gene mutation; expressed in the first generation; examples include Huntington’s chorea, polydactyly, and retinoblastoma

A

Dominant gene mutation

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53
Q

The dose measurement that reflects the type and energy of an ionizing radiation, resulting in a measurement of the effective absorbed dose; expressed as sieverts in SI units or as rems in traditional units

A

Dose equivalent (DE)

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54
Q

The decrease in mutations as a radiation dose is given over a longer period of time

A

Dose-rate effect

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55
Q

Relationship between levels of radiation doses and the degree of observed biologic response

A

Dose-response relationship

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56
Q

The dose of ionizing radiation that would produce twice the frequency of genetic mutations as expected to occur naturally

A

Doubling dose

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57
Q

A condition caused by a chromosomal aberration involving the presence of an extra chromosome 21

A

Down syndrome

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58
Q

The atomic number calculated for human tissue, based on the many various chemical elements of which the tissue is composed

A

Effective atomic number

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59
Q

The upper boundary dose of ionizing radiation that will result in a negligible risk of bodily injury or genetic damage to the recipient

A

Effective dose-equivalent (EDE) limit

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60
Q

A system that provides a method for assessing radiation exposure and associated risk of biologic damage to radiation workers and the general public; this method determines the various risks of cancer and genetic effects to tissue and organs exposed to radiation

A

Effective dose-equivalent (EDE) limiting system

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61
Q

A measurement calculated from the type of radiation to be given and the variability of tissue and organs intended to absorb that radiation

A

Effective dose

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62
Q

A method used to protect against irradiation of an unsuspected pregnancy; requires the referring physician or radiologist to determine the time of the patient’s previous menstrual cycle

A

Elective booking

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63
Q

Solutions that can conduct electricity

A

Electrolytes

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64
Q

Network of small tubes spread throughout a cell that serve as transportation routes

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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65
Q

The simplest and most frequently used method for reporting patient skin dose, usually measured with a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)

A

Entrance skin exposure (ESE)

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66
Q

Protein that controls important chemical reactions within a cell by functioning as a catalyst; also known as enzymes

A

Enzymatic protein

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67
Q

A type of red blood cell; the most numerous of all blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

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68
Q

A measurement of radiation; expressed as coulombs per kilogram (C/kg) of air in SI units or as roentgens (R) in traditional units

A

Exposure

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69
Q

A radiation measurement calculated by dividing exposure by a unit of time

A

Exposure rate

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70
Q

A type of beam-limitation device that confines the radiographic beam to a certain area; consists of a cylindrical metal tube with a 10- to 20-inch metal extension at the far end of the barrel to limit the size of the useful beam

A

Extension cylinder

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71
Q

A personnel monitoring device that uses radiation dosimetry film in a lightweight plastic film holder containing filters of aluminum or copper to measure whole-body radiation accumulated at a low rate over a long time (usually 1 month)

A

Film badge

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72
Q

Elements that are part of, or added to, the x-ray tube to reduce exposure to the patient’s skin and superficial tissues

A

Filtration

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73
Q

Uncontoured protective shield constructed of lead strips or lead-impregnated materials placed over a patient to protect areas of the body that do not need to be examined; available in a number of shapes

A

Flat contact shield

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74
Q

A monitor that emits a beeping signal directly proportional to the exposure rate—that is, the beeping speeds up and slows down as the exposure rate increases and decreases—to help the radiographer determine the best place to stand to reduce exposure

A

Fluoroscopic exposure monitor

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75
Q

A dead-man type of foot pedal that shuts off the x-ray beam if the operator becomes incapacitated during a fluoroscopic procedure

A

Fluoroscopic exposure switch

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76
Q

A radiation dose delivered over time in equal fractions

A

Fractionated dose

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77
Q

An atom or molecule with a single electron in its outer shell

A

Free radical

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78
Q

The phase of cell life cycle prior to the synthesis of DNA in which a cell prepares for mitosis by manufacturing protein and RNA molecules

A

G2 phase

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79
Q

One of the two primary types of radiation survey instruments; uses a gas-filled chamber to measure radiation; capable of measuring the total quantity of electrical charge produced by the ionized gas or the rate at which the electrical charge is produced

A

Gas-filled radiation detector

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80
Q

A form of acute radiation syndrome that occurs in humans when an individual receives a whole-body threshold dose of ionizing radiation of approximately 6 Gy (600 rad)

A

Gastrointestinal syndrome

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81
Q

One of the two primary types of gas-filled radiation detectors; detects individual radioactive particles or photons; often used in nuclear medicine facilities

A

Geiger-Muller (G-M) detector

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82
Q

The over-expression of a gene that occurs when there are extra copies of the proto-oncogene in a cell. See proto-oncogenes

A

Gene amplification

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83
Q

A specific section on a chromosome, the DNA double helix that contains a specific sequence of nitrogenous organic bases that is related to a particular characteristic; the basic unit of heredity

A

Gene

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84
Q

A key suppressor gene; unlike other suppressor genes, gene p53 also kills malignant cells

A

Gene p53

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85
Q

Patients, visitors, and anyone else not trained to work with radiation

A

General public

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86
Q

An individual’s unique genetic makeup, as determined by the sequence of the nitrogenous organic bases in each gene

A

Genetic code

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87
Q

Damage to a cell’s ability to reproduce, which occurs after a cell has divided at least once; also called mitotic death

A

Genetic death

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88
Q

The effects of ionizing radiation on future generations

A

Genetic effects

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89
Q

The dose equivalent to the reproductive organs for the entire gene pool; if received by every human, this dose would be expected to cause gross genetic injury to the total population

A

Genetically significant dose (GSD)

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90
Q

The study of the inheritance of characteristics

A

Genetics

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91
Q

In mammography, the possible biologic response is related to glandular dose (which varies with variations in x-ray beam quality and quantity), not the skin dose. The glandular dose, in screen-film mammography, is approximately 15% of the entrance skin dose

A

Glandular dose

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92
Q

Tiny sacs located near the nucleus and tubes extending from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane; used both to make glycoproteins and to transport enzymes and hormones from the cell nucleus to the blood stream

A

Golgi apparatus

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93
Q

SI unit for absorbed dose; named for Louis Harold Gray, a British radiobiologist; equal to 100 rads

A

Gray (Gy)

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94
Q

Device placed between the patient and the film to remove scattered x-ray photons that emerge from the patient before they reach the film; improves image quality

A

Grid

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95
Q

A form of acute radiation syndrome that occurs when an individual receives a whole-body dose of ionizing radiation of 1 to 10 Gy (100 to 1000 rad); also known as bone-marrow syndrome

A

Hematopoietic syndrome

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96
Q

The maintenance of the body’s internal temperature through perspiration and respiration

A

Homeostasis

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97
Q

H2O2, a toxic substance that is poisonous to human cells

A

Hydrogen peroxide

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98
Q

A combination that can occur during radiolysis of water. Hydrogen free radicals interact with molecular oxygen

A

hydroperoxyl radical

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99
Q

International Commission on Radiological Protection

A

ICRP

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100
Q

International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement

A

ICRU

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101
Q

Process by which ionized particles interact initially with noncritical molecules, which are then broken down into smaller molecules, producing both ions and free radicals that can recombine to form toxic substances, which can produce biologic damage

A

Indirect action

102
Q

Filtration caused by the glass envelope encasing the x-ray tube, the insulating oil surrounding the tube, and the glass window in the tube housing

A

Inherent filtration

103
Q

Compounds not containing carbon, which occur in and outside the body

A

Inorganic molecules

104
Q

Screen inside the x-ray film cassette that enhances the film exposure by converting x-ray energy into visible light

A

Intensifying screen

105
Q

A collective term for pre-DNA synthesis, including the G1 phase, DNA synthesis, or S phase, and post-DNA synthesis, or G2 phase; the period when a cell is growing and copying chromosomes in preparation for cell division

A

Interphase

106
Q

Law stating that the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the radiation source

A

Inverse-square law

107
Q

Motion that cannot be willfully controlled, such as when organs move or when an uncontrolled muscular movement occurs

A

Involuntary motion

108
Q

Using a microscope to identify and map genes

A

Karyotyping

109
Q

Effects such as malignancies that appear months, years, or decades after ionizing radiation has affected somatic cells

A

Late somatic effects

110
Q

Genetic damage resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation that may not be seen for generations.

A

Late-effect genetic damage

111
Q

The period between the interaction with a cancer-causing agent and the expression of the cancer.

A

Latent period

112
Q

The whole-body radiation dose at which 50% of the individuals exposed will die within 30 days

A

LD 50/30

113
Q

the amount of energy transferred on average by incident radiation to an object per unit of length of travel through the object

A

LET or linear energy transfer

114
Q

Literally, white blood; a neoplastic overproduction of white blood cells

A

Leukemia

115
Q

The most common beam- limitation device in use; contains multiple sets of lead shutters, which also reduce off-focus or stem radiation

A

Light-localizing variable-aperture rectangular collimator

116
Q

Average energy deposited per unit length of the path or track of radiation or the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue

A

Linear energy transfer (LET)

117
Q

A response that is directly proportional to radiation dose; as dose increases, the response rises in equally measured increments

A

Linear response

118
Q

Shield (often used for breast and gonad shielding) made from a transparent plastic material containing 30% lead by weight; also called clear-lead shield

A

Lucite-Pb-equivalent shield

119
Q

A type of white blood cell and the most radiosensitive of all blood cells in the human body; help protect the body from disease

A

Lymphocytes

120
Q

Site within a cell where digestion occurs to eliminate cell waste

A

Lysosome

121
Q

Very large molecules consisting of hundreds of thousands of atoms

A

Macromolecules

122
Q

The condition resulting from breakage of the thread or backbone of a long-chain molecule

A

Main-chain scission

123
Q

The key DNA molecule in every cell, according to the target theory.

A

Master molecule

124
Q

The average survival time between radiation exposure and death

A

Mean survival time

125
Q

The average radiation dose to the entire active bone marrow

A

Mean-marrow dose

126
Q

Radiation received during medical diagnosis or treatment

A

Medical exposure

127
Q

The process by which genetic cells or germ cells divide

A

Meiosis

128
Q

RNA used by DNA to transmit genetic information

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

129
Q

Chemical and energy changes occurring as normal life processes in living cells and tissues

A

Metabolism

130
Q

The second phase of mitosis, in which the fibers of the mitotic spindle form between the centrioles

A

Metaphase

131
Q

To spread to other parts of the body

A

Metastasize

132
Q

Site where macromolecules are digested by highly organized enzymes by the process of oxidation to produce energy for a cell

A

Mitochondria

133
Q

The process by which somatic cells divide

A

Mitosis

134
Q

Damage to a cell’s ability to reproduce, which occurs after a cell has divided at least once; also called genetic death.

A

Mitotic death

135
Q

A temporary delay in mitosis caused by radiation exposure.

A

Mitotic delay

136
Q

The thin fibers that connect the centrioles on each side of the cell

A

Mitotic spindles

137
Q

Portable radiographic unit used when patients cannot be transported to an imaging department.

A

Mobile radiographic unit

138
Q

Damage resulting when the chemical bonds of molecules are disrupted; also known as point lesion

A

Molecular lesion

139
Q

The smallest unit of a compound or element that can exist by itself and has the chemical properties of the compound or element

A

Molecule

140
Q

A single chromosome struck by irradiation more than once, which can result in both ends of a chromosome being severed. Cell death may result. See also reciprocal translocation aberration

A

Multi-hit chromosome aberrations

141
Q

National Council of Radiation Protection; group that reviews regulations formulated by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and decides how to include them in U.S. radiation protection criteria

A

NCRP

142
Q

Negatively charged electron produced in a pair-production interaction.

A

Negatron

143
Q

A response that is not directly proportional to radiation dose

A

Nonlinear response

144
Q

The assumption that a response to radiation exposure will occur at any dose, as in a nonthreshold dose-response relationship

A

Nonthreshold

145
Q

A factor used to modify the shielding requirements for a particular barrier by accounting for the percentage of time that the space beyond the barrier is occupied

A

Occupancy factor (T)

146
Q

Radiation exposures occurring in the workplace and in the course of an individual’s employment.

A

Occupational exposure

147
Q

X-radiation produced by projectile electrons striking the anode at locations other than at the focal spot; also known as stem radiation.

A

Off-focus radiation

148
Q

Genes that direct a cell to function abnormally

A

Oncogenes

149
Q

Division of ova germ cells

A

Oogenesis

150
Q

The single functional daughter cell produced in the second meiotic division in oogenesis

A

Ootid

151
Q

Life-supporting molecules; organic molecules that contain some carbon

A

Organic molecules

152
Q

The production of a positron and negatron as a result of the interaction between a high-energy photon and the electrical field of the nucleus of an atom

A

Pair production

153
Q

A method used o protect against irradiation of an unsuspected pregnancy, which asks the patient to indicate the time of her last menstrual cycle

A

Patient questionnaire

154
Q

A written report required by state and federal regulations for reporting occupational exposure; prepared by a monitoring company

A

Personnel monitoring report

155
Q

Procedures used to estimate the amount of radiation received by individuals who work in a radiation environment

A

Personnel monitoring

156
Q

The active layer of an intensifying screen; the layer that converts x-ray energy into visible light

A

Phosphor layer

157
Q

The result of the interaction between an x-ray photon and the inner-shell electron of an atom. The photon surrenders all its kinetic energy to the orbital electron and ceases to exist

A

Photoelectric absorption

158
Q

The electron ejected from the inner electron shell during the process of photoelectric absorption

A

Photoelectron

159
Q

A restraining device for infants used during chest and upper abdomen radiographic procedures

A

Pigg-o-Stat

160
Q

Blood cells that promote blood clotting and stop hemorrhage; also called thrombocytes

A

Platelets

161
Q

A personnel monitoring device that uses electrodes to measure radiation exposure; also called pocket dosimete

A

Pocket ionization chamber

162
Q

Damage resulting when the chemical bonds of molecules are disrupted; also known as molecular lesion

A

Point lesion

163
Q

The genetic mutation that results when a single base pair in the DNA strand is lost or changed

A

Point mutations

164
Q

A feature of some collimators that automatically calculates the aperture (based on the distance from the film and the film size) so that the radiation field size matches the film size

A

Positive beam limitation (PBL)

165
Q

A positively charged electron

A

Positron

166
Q

X-ray photons that move in a straight-line path from the tube

A

Primary beam

167
Q

Any wall toward which the primary beam may be directed. It is designed to prevent primary radiation from reaching personnel or other people on the other side of the barrier

A

Primary protective barrier

168
Q

Radiation from the useful beam

A

Primary radiation

169
Q

The first phase of mitosis, during which DNA begins to take structural form and the nuclear membrane disappears

A

Prophase

170
Q

A type of gas-filled radiation survey instrument used in laboratory settings to detect alpha and beta radiation.

A

Proportional counter

171
Q

A protective barrier used in fluoroscopy; consists of a sliding panel with a minimum of 0.25-mm lead equivalent attached to the front of the spot film device of a fluoroscopic x-ray unit for the purpose of intercepting scattered radiation before it reaches the operator

A

Protective drape

172
Q

An organic compound responsible for cell growth, cell repair, and new tissue formation; the most common organic compound found in the human body.

A

Protein

173
Q

The source of oncogenes; present in all mammalian cells, proto-oncogenes participate in normal cell growth

A

Proto-oncogenes

174
Q

The building material of cells that regulates the process of metabolism

A

Protoplasm

175
Q

A dose delivered continuously at a low-dose rate

A

Protracted dose

176
Q

Radiation from natural sources; includes all exposures not classified as either medical or occupational

A

Public exposure

177
Q

A modifying factor for a given type of ionizing radiation used to adjust the absorbed dose value in determining the dose equivalent; also known as the radiation weighting factor

A

Quality factor (QF)

178
Q

Traditional unit for radiation absorbed dose; equal to 1 centigray

A

RAD

179
Q

A monitoring device used to indicate the presence or absence of radiation in an area

A

Radiation survey equipment

180
Q

The interaction of x-radiation with water

A

Radiolysis

181
Q

A colorless, odorless, chemically inert, heavy radioactive gas; a decay product of uranium

A

Radon

182
Q

High-efficiency intensifying screen that uses elements with atomic numbers between 57 and 71 (such as gadolinium, lanthanum, and yttrium)

A

Rare-earth intensifying screen

183
Q

Both genes must be recessive for a recessive gene mutation to be expressed, unless it is sex-linked; less common than dominant gene mutations, recessive gene mutations are traced to more than 1100 diseases; examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs disease

A

Recessive gene mutation

184
Q

A multi-hit aberration in which the tops of adjacent chromosomes are broken and the resulting fragments attach to one another, possibly resulting in the alteration of some genetic information; the most common form of radiation-induced chromosomal abnormalities, may not necessarily result in cell death

A

Reciprocal translocation aberration

185
Q

The layer of a calcium-tungstate screen that increases the efficiency of the intensifying screen by increasing the number of photons that reach the film

A

Reflective layer

186
Q

The relative capability of radiations with different linear energy transfers (LETs) to produce a particular biologic reaction

A

Relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)

187
Q

The ratio of the risk of malignancy or genetic mutation resulting from ionizing radiation to the naturally occurring risk; used to estimate late radiation effects on large populations without their radiation dose being precisely known.

A

Relative risk

188
Q

Rad-equivalent man; traditional unit for dose equivalent (rad multiplied by QF)

A

REM

189
Q

Any radiograph that must be performed more than once because of human or mechanical error

A

Repeat radiographs

190
Q

A type of nucleic acid used by DNA to transmit and arrange genetic information in the ribosomes

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

191
Q

The site of protein synthesis in a cell.

A

Ribosomes

192
Q

The formation that results when the ends of a severed chromosome join, forming a ring; generally results in cell death.

A

Ring formation

193
Q

A thyroid cancer study of individuals who had received doses of about 3 Gy (300 rad) to the thyroid gland shortly after birth for thymic enlargement resulting from infection

A

Rochester Series

194
Q

Roentgen (R)

A

the photon exposure that produces—under standard conditions of pressure and temperature—a total positive or negative ion charge or 2.58 ( 10-4 C/kg.

195
Q

A thyroid cancer study of individuals who received a mean dose of radiation of 21 Gy (2100 rad) to the thyroid gland during childhood from atomic bomb testing

A

Rongelap Atoll Series

196
Q

The phase in cell division in which each DNA molecule is copied and replicated or divided into corresponding daughter DNA molecules

A

S phase

197
Q

Cancers that begin in connective tissue; one of the two major categories of cancers

A

Sarcomas

198
Q

The deflection of x-ray photons as they pass through the body after interacting with its atoms

A

Scatter

199
Q

The three nonfunctional cells produced in the second meiotic division in oogenesis

A

Second polar bodies

200
Q

Barriers designed to protect areas from secondary radiation.

A

Secondary protective barrier

201
Q

Includes both leakage radiation from the x-ray tubing and scatter radiation.

A

Secondary radiation

202
Q

Recessive gene mutation found on the X chromosome (that is, expressed without a complementary gene), expressed in males because there is no matching gene in the male’s Y chromosome

A

Sex-linked gene mutation

203
Q

Shield made of radiopaque material that is suspended over the patient to cast a shadow in the primary beam over areas to be protected, such as a patient’s gonads

A

Shadow shield

204
Q

Protection device made of radiopaque material and contoured to enclose the male reproductive organs

A

Shaped contact shield

205
Q

Device used to protect an area, such as the reproductive organs, from ionizing radiation; see also clear-lead shield, flat contact shield, shadow shield, and shaped contact shield

A

Shield

206
Q

Units standardized by the International System of Units

A

SI units

207
Q

The SI unit for dose equivalent; one sievert equals one joule of energy absorbed per kilogram of tissue

A

Sievert (Sv)

208
Q

One chromosome struck in one location

A

Single-hit chromosome aberration

209
Q

Refers to all the cells in the human body except the germ cells (genetic cells)

A

Somatic cells

210
Q

The distance from the anode focal spot to the diaphragm opening

A

Source-to-diaphragm distance (SDD

211
Q

The distance from the anode focal spot to the radiographic image receptor

A

Source-to-image distance (SID)

212
Q

Division of sperm germ cells.

A

Spermatogenesis

213
Q

Nonthreshold, randomly occurring biologic somatic changes in which the likelihood is proportional to the dose of ionizing radiation

A

Stochastic effects

214
Q

Protein that gives the body shape and form and produces heat and energy

A

Structural protein

215
Q

Genes that suppress the replication of malignant cells

A

Suppressor genes

216
Q

A measurement that accounts for both the exposure and the area of the beam falling on the body of the individual who is being exposed

A

Surface integral exposure

217
Q

Medical term for a collection of symptoms, such as in acute radiation syndrome

A

Syndrome

218
Q

The scientific theory that each cell contains a key, or master, molecule and that cell death occurs only if the master molecule is destroyed as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation

A

Target theory

219
Q

Total effective dose equivalent; a radiation protection term that specifies the maximum allowable total accumulated dose

A

TEDE

220
Q

The last phase of mitosis, during which the chromatids uncoil and become long, loosely spiraled threads

A

Telophase

221
Q

Personnel monitoring device that uses a crystalline form of lithium fluoride as a sensing material to measure radiation, such as measuring the entrance skin exposure to radiation for the purpose of assessing patient skin dose

A

Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)

222
Q

A point at which a biologic response to radiation first occurs, as in a threshold radiation dose-response relationship

A

Threshold

223
Q

Blood cells that promote blood clotting and stop hemorrhage; also called platelets

A

Thrombocytes

224
Q

A value developed by the ICRP and adopted for use in the United States by the NCRP; assigns a relative risk factor for biologic responses associated with irradiation of different body tissues

A

Tissue weighting factors

225
Q

Molecules that transport and arrange different amino acids according to the genetic code

A

Transfer RNA molecule

226
Q

Areas occupied by members of the general public

A

Uncontrolled areas

227
Q

The proportional amount of time during which the x-ray beam is energized or directed toward a particular barrier; also called the beam-direction factor.

A

Use factor

228
Q

Columns of cells lining the intestinal lining

A

Villi

229
Q

Motion controlled at will, as when a patient moves all or part of his or her body, such as an arm or leg or the abdomen

A

Voluntary motion

230
Q

Specialized filter that compensates for varying thickness densities of an area such as the foot; the thick portion of the wedge is positioned over the toes and the thin portion over the heel

A

Wedge filter

231
Q

The radiation-output weighted time when an x-ray generator is actually delivering radiation; specified either in units of mA seconds per week or mA minutes per week

A

Workload

232
Q

Electromagnetic radiation, including that emitted from the anode of an x-ray tube after bombardment by high-speed electrons

A

X-rays

233
Q

Fertilized ovum, produced when spermatozoa fertilizes the ootid

A

Zygote

234
Q

Only ______ & ______ are present in the
body as elements – others are present in
organic and inorganic compounds

A

Oxygen and Nitrogen

235
Q

All organic material contains this element

A

Carbon

236
Q

Radiation interactions occur at the ____ level

A

Atomic

237
Q

Radiation effects occur at the ___ level

A

Cellular

238
Q

Hydrogen atomic composition of the body

A

60%

239
Q

Oxygen atomic composition of the body

A

25.7%

240
Q

Carbon atomic composition of the body

A

10.7%

241
Q

Nitrogen atomic composition of the body

A

2.4%

242
Q

Calcium atomic composition of the body

A

0.2%

243
Q

Phosphorus atomic composition of the body

A

0.1%

244
Q

Sulfur atomic composition of the body

A

0.1%

245
Q

Trace elements atomic composition of the body

A

0.8%

246
Q

Water molecular composition of the body

A

80%

247
Q

Protein molecular composition of the body

A

15%

248
Q

Lipids molecular composition of the body

A

2%

249
Q

Carbohydrates molecular composition of the body

A

1%

250
Q

Nucleic Acids molecular composition of the body

A

1%

251
Q

“Other” molecular composition of the body

A

1%

RADT 155 Radiation Biology (5 decks)

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