Bio Review and Intro Flashcards
The total risk of genetic mutation or a malignancy appearing in a certain population; used when data on radiation doses is available; predicts that a specific number of excess malignancies will occur as a result of exposure
Absolute risk
The amount of energy per unit mass absorbed by the irradiated object; expressed in the SI unit—gray (Gy), or in the traditional unit—rad
Absorbed dose
The transfer of x-ray energy to the atoms of the biologic matter through which it passes
Absorption
The result of whole-body exposure to large doses of ionizing radiation (1 Gy [100 rad] or more) over a short period
Acute radiation syndrome (ARS)
Filters added outside the glass window of the x-ray tube housing above the collimator shutters
Added filtration
A scatter-reducing technique in which the image receptor is moved 10 to 15 cm away from the patient to allow low-energy scattered x-rays from the patient to be absorbed in the air before reaching the film
Air-gap technique
Constructive metabolism
Anabolism
The third phase of mitosis, in which the duplicated centromeres travel along the mitotic spindle to opposite sides of the cell.
Anaphase
A thyroid cancer study that consisted of individuals who had received radiation doses of 0.2 to 0.3 Gy (20 to 30 rad) to the thyroid gland shortly after birth for thymic enlargement caused by infection
Ann Arbor Series
A simple beam limitation device consisting of a flat piece of lead with a hole of a designated size and shape cut through it.
Aperture diaphragm
A nonmitotic or nondivision form of cell death that occurs when cells die without attempting division during the interphase portion of the cell life cycle; also called programmed cell death or interphase cell death
Apoptosis
Basic building blocks of all matter, including human tissue
Atoms
The 22 pairs of human chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
Autosomes
Another name for use factor
Beam-direction factor
Device that limits a patient’s exposure to unnecessary x-rays by confining the primary beam to the area of clinical interest, thereby limiting the amount of body tissue irradiated
Beam-limitation device
Committee on the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
BEIR Committee
A form of acute radiation syndrome that occurs when an individual receives a whole-body dose of ionizing radiation of 1 to 10 Gy (100 to 1000 rad); also known as hematopoietic syndrome.
Bone marrow syndrome
A protective shield that covers the Bucky slot opening in the side of the x-ray table during a fluoroscopic examination when the Bucky tray is moved to the foot end of the table
Bucky slot cover
An organic compound responsible for providing the body with fuel for energy and serving as a structural component of cell walls and the material between cells. Carbohydrates consist entirely of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen
Carbohydrate
The development of cancer
Carcinogenesis
Cancer-causing agents
Carcinogens
Solid tumors that start in the epithelial tissue; one of the two major categories of cancers
Carcinomas
Portable multiposition device often used in the operating room for orthopedic procedures; produces real-time (motion) images of a patient
C-arm fluoroscopy unit
Destructive metabolism
Catabolism
The barrier between the cell interior and the outside environment that regulates the materials passing into and out of the cell.
Cell membrane
One one-hundredth (1/100) of a gray; also equal to one rad. The centigray is replacing the rad for recording absorbed dose in therapeutic radiology.
Centigray (cGy)
A form of acute radiation syndrome that occurs when an individual receives a whole-body absorbed dose of ionizing radiation above 50 Gy (5000 rad); also known as cerebrovascular syndrome
Central nervous system syndrome
The two hollow, cylindrical structures that result from the division of the centrome
Centrioles
The clear region on a chromosome that connects chromatids
Centromere
The central body of a cell, critical to cell reproduction, which contains the centrioles
Centrosome
A form of acute radiation syndrome that occurs when an individual receives a whole-body absorbed dose of ionizing radiation above 50 Gy (5000 rad); also known as central nervous system syndrome
Cerebrovascular syndrome
A tightly coiled strand of DNA; also called daughter chromosome
Chromatid
Tiny, rod-shaped structures composed of genes
Chromosomes
Procedure using a movie-camera device (used most often in cardiology and neuroradiology); makes serial radiographic images that are recorded over a short time and then played back through a projector to allow study of motion within the patient
Cinefluorography
Shield (often used for breast and gonad shielding) made from a transparent plastic material containing 30% lead by weight; also called Lucite-Pb-equivalent shield
Clear-lead shield
Scattering that results when a low-energy x-ray photon interacts with an atom and the atom responds by releasing the excess energy it has received in the form of a scattered x-ray photon
Coherent scattering
Scattering that results when an incoming x-ray photon interacts with a loosely bound outer-shell electron, dislodges it from its orbit, and then continues in a new direction
Compton scattering
A type of beam-limitation device that confines the radiographic beam to a certain area; consists of a circular metal tube that attaches to the x-ray tube housing or variable rectangular collimator to limit the x-ray beam to a predetermined size and shape.
Cone
Areas occupied by employees who have been trained in radiation protection procedures and who wear radiation monitoring devices
Controlled area
The effect of ionizing radiation on DNA and other macromolecules after main-chain scission, which causes spur-like molecules on a molecular chain to stick to the molecular chain or to other molecules. See also main-chain scission.
Cross-linking
A radiation protection device used during fluoroscopy that either sounds an alarm or interrupts the x-ray beam after the fluoroscope has been activated for 5 minutes to ensure that the operator is aware of the ON time of the beam
Cumulative timer
The nickname for an ionization chamber type of gas-filled radiation detector; one of the two primary types of gas-filled radiation detectors
Cutie pie
The protoplasm that exists outside the nucleus of a cell.
Cytoplasm
Small components of cells contained in the cytoplasm that perform many functions of the cell.
Cytoplasmic organelles
The two sets of chromatids that develop during mitosis
Daughter chromosomes
A pregnancy that has been reported to a radiographer’s supervisor
Declared pregnancy
Instrument that measures the degree of blackening or density on radiographic film to determine the amount of radiation received and the energy of that radiation
Densitometer
The essential ingredient in chromosomes and carrier of the genetic code for cell reproduction and cell activity
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Biologic somatic effects of ionizing radiation that exhibit a threshold dose below which the effect does not normally occur and above which the severity of the biologic damage increases as the dose increases
Deterministic effects
The formation resulting when two adjacent chromosomes that are struck in the G1 phase join during the S phase of interphase; dicentric chromosomes generally result in cell death
Dicentric chromosome
Process by which ionized particles directly transfer energy to important macromolecules, resulting in the breaking of chemical bonds, which may cause biologic damage
Direct action
The most common type of gene mutation; expressed in the first generation; examples include Huntington’s chorea, polydactyly, and retinoblastoma
Dominant gene mutation
The dose measurement that reflects the type and energy of an ionizing radiation, resulting in a measurement of the effective absorbed dose; expressed as sieverts in SI units or as rems in traditional units
Dose equivalent (DE)
The decrease in mutations as a radiation dose is given over a longer period of time
Dose-rate effect
Relationship between levels of radiation doses and the degree of observed biologic response
Dose-response relationship
The dose of ionizing radiation that would produce twice the frequency of genetic mutations as expected to occur naturally
Doubling dose
A condition caused by a chromosomal aberration involving the presence of an extra chromosome 21
Down syndrome
The atomic number calculated for human tissue, based on the many various chemical elements of which the tissue is composed
Effective atomic number
The upper boundary dose of ionizing radiation that will result in a negligible risk of bodily injury or genetic damage to the recipient
Effective dose-equivalent (EDE) limit
A system that provides a method for assessing radiation exposure and associated risk of biologic damage to radiation workers and the general public; this method determines the various risks of cancer and genetic effects to tissue and organs exposed to radiation
Effective dose-equivalent (EDE) limiting system
A measurement calculated from the type of radiation to be given and the variability of tissue and organs intended to absorb that radiation
Effective dose
A method used to protect against irradiation of an unsuspected pregnancy; requires the referring physician or radiologist to determine the time of the patient’s previous menstrual cycle
Elective booking
Solutions that can conduct electricity
Electrolytes
Network of small tubes spread throughout a cell that serve as transportation routes
Endoplasmic reticulum
The simplest and most frequently used method for reporting patient skin dose, usually measured with a thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
Entrance skin exposure (ESE)
Protein that controls important chemical reactions within a cell by functioning as a catalyst; also known as enzymes
Enzymatic protein
A type of red blood cell; the most numerous of all blood cells
Erythrocytes
A measurement of radiation; expressed as coulombs per kilogram (C/kg) of air in SI units or as roentgens (R) in traditional units
Exposure
A radiation measurement calculated by dividing exposure by a unit of time
Exposure rate
A type of beam-limitation device that confines the radiographic beam to a certain area; consists of a cylindrical metal tube with a 10- to 20-inch metal extension at the far end of the barrel to limit the size of the useful beam
Extension cylinder
A personnel monitoring device that uses radiation dosimetry film in a lightweight plastic film holder containing filters of aluminum or copper to measure whole-body radiation accumulated at a low rate over a long time (usually 1 month)
Film badge
Elements that are part of, or added to, the x-ray tube to reduce exposure to the patient’s skin and superficial tissues
Filtration
Uncontoured protective shield constructed of lead strips or lead-impregnated materials placed over a patient to protect areas of the body that do not need to be examined; available in a number of shapes
Flat contact shield
A monitor that emits a beeping signal directly proportional to the exposure rate—that is, the beeping speeds up and slows down as the exposure rate increases and decreases—to help the radiographer determine the best place to stand to reduce exposure
Fluoroscopic exposure monitor
A dead-man type of foot pedal that shuts off the x-ray beam if the operator becomes incapacitated during a fluoroscopic procedure
Fluoroscopic exposure switch
A radiation dose delivered over time in equal fractions
Fractionated dose
An atom or molecule with a single electron in its outer shell
Free radical
The phase of cell life cycle prior to the synthesis of DNA in which a cell prepares for mitosis by manufacturing protein and RNA molecules
G2 phase
One of the two primary types of radiation survey instruments; uses a gas-filled chamber to measure radiation; capable of measuring the total quantity of electrical charge produced by the ionized gas or the rate at which the electrical charge is produced
Gas-filled radiation detector
A form of acute radiation syndrome that occurs in humans when an individual receives a whole-body threshold dose of ionizing radiation of approximately 6 Gy (600 rad)
Gastrointestinal syndrome
One of the two primary types of gas-filled radiation detectors; detects individual radioactive particles or photons; often used in nuclear medicine facilities
Geiger-Muller (G-M) detector
The over-expression of a gene that occurs when there are extra copies of the proto-oncogene in a cell. See proto-oncogenes
Gene amplification
A specific section on a chromosome, the DNA double helix that contains a specific sequence of nitrogenous organic bases that is related to a particular characteristic; the basic unit of heredity
Gene
A key suppressor gene; unlike other suppressor genes, gene p53 also kills malignant cells
Gene p53
Patients, visitors, and anyone else not trained to work with radiation
General public
An individual’s unique genetic makeup, as determined by the sequence of the nitrogenous organic bases in each gene
Genetic code
Damage to a cell’s ability to reproduce, which occurs after a cell has divided at least once; also called mitotic death
Genetic death
The effects of ionizing radiation on future generations
Genetic effects
The dose equivalent to the reproductive organs for the entire gene pool; if received by every human, this dose would be expected to cause gross genetic injury to the total population
Genetically significant dose (GSD)
The study of the inheritance of characteristics
Genetics
In mammography, the possible biologic response is related to glandular dose (which varies with variations in x-ray beam quality and quantity), not the skin dose. The glandular dose, in screen-film mammography, is approximately 15% of the entrance skin dose
Glandular dose
Tiny sacs located near the nucleus and tubes extending from the cell nucleus to the cell membrane; used both to make glycoproteins and to transport enzymes and hormones from the cell nucleus to the blood stream
Golgi apparatus
SI unit for absorbed dose; named for Louis Harold Gray, a British radiobiologist; equal to 100 rads
Gray (Gy)
Device placed between the patient and the film to remove scattered x-ray photons that emerge from the patient before they reach the film; improves image quality
Grid
A form of acute radiation syndrome that occurs when an individual receives a whole-body dose of ionizing radiation of 1 to 10 Gy (100 to 1000 rad); also known as bone-marrow syndrome
Hematopoietic syndrome
The maintenance of the body’s internal temperature through perspiration and respiration
Homeostasis
H2O2, a toxic substance that is poisonous to human cells
Hydrogen peroxide
A combination that can occur during radiolysis of water. Hydrogen free radicals interact with molecular oxygen
hydroperoxyl radical
International Commission on Radiological Protection
ICRP
International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurement
ICRU
Process by which ionized particles interact initially with noncritical molecules, which are then broken down into smaller molecules, producing both ions and free radicals that can recombine to form toxic substances, which can produce biologic damage
Indirect action
Filtration caused by the glass envelope encasing the x-ray tube, the insulating oil surrounding the tube, and the glass window in the tube housing
Inherent filtration
Compounds not containing carbon, which occur in and outside the body
Inorganic molecules
Screen inside the x-ray film cassette that enhances the film exposure by converting x-ray energy into visible light
Intensifying screen
A collective term for pre-DNA synthesis, including the G1 phase, DNA synthesis, or S phase, and post-DNA synthesis, or G2 phase; the period when a cell is growing and copying chromosomes in preparation for cell division
Interphase
Law stating that the intensity of radiation is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the radiation source
Inverse-square law
Motion that cannot be willfully controlled, such as when organs move or when an uncontrolled muscular movement occurs
Involuntary motion
Using a microscope to identify and map genes
Karyotyping
Effects such as malignancies that appear months, years, or decades after ionizing radiation has affected somatic cells
Late somatic effects
Genetic damage resulting from exposure to ionizing radiation that may not be seen for generations.
Late-effect genetic damage
The period between the interaction with a cancer-causing agent and the expression of the cancer.
Latent period
The whole-body radiation dose at which 50% of the individuals exposed will die within 30 days
LD 50/30
the amount of energy transferred on average by incident radiation to an object per unit of length of travel through the object
LET or linear energy transfer
Literally, white blood; a neoplastic overproduction of white blood cells
Leukemia
The most common beam- limitation device in use; contains multiple sets of lead shutters, which also reduce off-focus or stem radiation
Light-localizing variable-aperture rectangular collimator
Average energy deposited per unit length of the path or track of radiation or the rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to soft tissue
Linear energy transfer (LET)
A response that is directly proportional to radiation dose; as dose increases, the response rises in equally measured increments
Linear response
Shield (often used for breast and gonad shielding) made from a transparent plastic material containing 30% lead by weight; also called clear-lead shield
Lucite-Pb-equivalent shield
A type of white blood cell and the most radiosensitive of all blood cells in the human body; help protect the body from disease
Lymphocytes
Site within a cell where digestion occurs to eliminate cell waste
Lysosome
Very large molecules consisting of hundreds of thousands of atoms
Macromolecules
The condition resulting from breakage of the thread or backbone of a long-chain molecule
Main-chain scission
The key DNA molecule in every cell, according to the target theory.
Master molecule
The average survival time between radiation exposure and death
Mean survival time
The average radiation dose to the entire active bone marrow
Mean-marrow dose
Radiation received during medical diagnosis or treatment
Medical exposure
The process by which genetic cells or germ cells divide
Meiosis
RNA used by DNA to transmit genetic information
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Chemical and energy changes occurring as normal life processes in living cells and tissues
Metabolism
The second phase of mitosis, in which the fibers of the mitotic spindle form between the centrioles
Metaphase
To spread to other parts of the body
Metastasize
Site where macromolecules are digested by highly organized enzymes by the process of oxidation to produce energy for a cell
Mitochondria
The process by which somatic cells divide
Mitosis
Damage to a cell’s ability to reproduce, which occurs after a cell has divided at least once; also called genetic death.
Mitotic death
A temporary delay in mitosis caused by radiation exposure.
Mitotic delay
The thin fibers that connect the centrioles on each side of the cell
Mitotic spindles
Portable radiographic unit used when patients cannot be transported to an imaging department.
Mobile radiographic unit
Damage resulting when the chemical bonds of molecules are disrupted; also known as point lesion
Molecular lesion
The smallest unit of a compound or element that can exist by itself and has the chemical properties of the compound or element
Molecule
A single chromosome struck by irradiation more than once, which can result in both ends of a chromosome being severed. Cell death may result. See also reciprocal translocation aberration
Multi-hit chromosome aberrations
National Council of Radiation Protection; group that reviews regulations formulated by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) and decides how to include them in U.S. radiation protection criteria
NCRP
Negatively charged electron produced in a pair-production interaction.
Negatron
A response that is not directly proportional to radiation dose
Nonlinear response
The assumption that a response to radiation exposure will occur at any dose, as in a nonthreshold dose-response relationship
Nonthreshold
A factor used to modify the shielding requirements for a particular barrier by accounting for the percentage of time that the space beyond the barrier is occupied
Occupancy factor (T)
Radiation exposures occurring in the workplace and in the course of an individual’s employment.
Occupational exposure
X-radiation produced by projectile electrons striking the anode at locations other than at the focal spot; also known as stem radiation.
Off-focus radiation
Genes that direct a cell to function abnormally
Oncogenes
Division of ova germ cells
Oogenesis
The single functional daughter cell produced in the second meiotic division in oogenesis
Ootid
Life-supporting molecules; organic molecules that contain some carbon
Organic molecules
The production of a positron and negatron as a result of the interaction between a high-energy photon and the electrical field of the nucleus of an atom
Pair production
A method used o protect against irradiation of an unsuspected pregnancy, which asks the patient to indicate the time of her last menstrual cycle
Patient questionnaire
A written report required by state and federal regulations for reporting occupational exposure; prepared by a monitoring company
Personnel monitoring report
Procedures used to estimate the amount of radiation received by individuals who work in a radiation environment
Personnel monitoring
The active layer of an intensifying screen; the layer that converts x-ray energy into visible light
Phosphor layer
The result of the interaction between an x-ray photon and the inner-shell electron of an atom. The photon surrenders all its kinetic energy to the orbital electron and ceases to exist
Photoelectric absorption
The electron ejected from the inner electron shell during the process of photoelectric absorption
Photoelectron
A restraining device for infants used during chest and upper abdomen radiographic procedures
Pigg-o-Stat
Blood cells that promote blood clotting and stop hemorrhage; also called thrombocytes
Platelets
A personnel monitoring device that uses electrodes to measure radiation exposure; also called pocket dosimete
Pocket ionization chamber
Damage resulting when the chemical bonds of molecules are disrupted; also known as molecular lesion
Point lesion
The genetic mutation that results when a single base pair in the DNA strand is lost or changed
Point mutations
A feature of some collimators that automatically calculates the aperture (based on the distance from the film and the film size) so that the radiation field size matches the film size
Positive beam limitation (PBL)
A positively charged electron
Positron
X-ray photons that move in a straight-line path from the tube
Primary beam
Any wall toward which the primary beam may be directed. It is designed to prevent primary radiation from reaching personnel or other people on the other side of the barrier
Primary protective barrier
Radiation from the useful beam
Primary radiation
The first phase of mitosis, during which DNA begins to take structural form and the nuclear membrane disappears
Prophase
A type of gas-filled radiation survey instrument used in laboratory settings to detect alpha and beta radiation.
Proportional counter
A protective barrier used in fluoroscopy; consists of a sliding panel with a minimum of 0.25-mm lead equivalent attached to the front of the spot film device of a fluoroscopic x-ray unit for the purpose of intercepting scattered radiation before it reaches the operator
Protective drape
An organic compound responsible for cell growth, cell repair, and new tissue formation; the most common organic compound found in the human body.
Protein
The source of oncogenes; present in all mammalian cells, proto-oncogenes participate in normal cell growth
Proto-oncogenes
The building material of cells that regulates the process of metabolism
Protoplasm
A dose delivered continuously at a low-dose rate
Protracted dose
Radiation from natural sources; includes all exposures not classified as either medical or occupational
Public exposure
A modifying factor for a given type of ionizing radiation used to adjust the absorbed dose value in determining the dose equivalent; also known as the radiation weighting factor
Quality factor (QF)
Traditional unit for radiation absorbed dose; equal to 1 centigray
RAD
A monitoring device used to indicate the presence or absence of radiation in an area
Radiation survey equipment
The interaction of x-radiation with water
Radiolysis
A colorless, odorless, chemically inert, heavy radioactive gas; a decay product of uranium
Radon
High-efficiency intensifying screen that uses elements with atomic numbers between 57 and 71 (such as gadolinium, lanthanum, and yttrium)
Rare-earth intensifying screen
Both genes must be recessive for a recessive gene mutation to be expressed, unless it is sex-linked; less common than dominant gene mutations, recessive gene mutations are traced to more than 1100 diseases; examples include cystic fibrosis, sickle-cell anemia, and Tay-Sachs disease
Recessive gene mutation
A multi-hit aberration in which the tops of adjacent chromosomes are broken and the resulting fragments attach to one another, possibly resulting in the alteration of some genetic information; the most common form of radiation-induced chromosomal abnormalities, may not necessarily result in cell death
Reciprocal translocation aberration
The layer of a calcium-tungstate screen that increases the efficiency of the intensifying screen by increasing the number of photons that reach the film
Reflective layer
The relative capability of radiations with different linear energy transfers (LETs) to produce a particular biologic reaction
Relative biologic effectiveness (RBE)
The ratio of the risk of malignancy or genetic mutation resulting from ionizing radiation to the naturally occurring risk; used to estimate late radiation effects on large populations without their radiation dose being precisely known.
Relative risk
Rad-equivalent man; traditional unit for dose equivalent (rad multiplied by QF)
REM
Any radiograph that must be performed more than once because of human or mechanical error
Repeat radiographs
A type of nucleic acid used by DNA to transmit and arrange genetic information in the ribosomes
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
The site of protein synthesis in a cell.
Ribosomes
The formation that results when the ends of a severed chromosome join, forming a ring; generally results in cell death.
Ring formation
A thyroid cancer study of individuals who had received doses of about 3 Gy (300 rad) to the thyroid gland shortly after birth for thymic enlargement resulting from infection
Rochester Series
Roentgen (R)
the photon exposure that produces—under standard conditions of pressure and temperature—a total positive or negative ion charge or 2.58 ( 10-4 C/kg.
A thyroid cancer study of individuals who received a mean dose of radiation of 21 Gy (2100 rad) to the thyroid gland during childhood from atomic bomb testing
Rongelap Atoll Series
The phase in cell division in which each DNA molecule is copied and replicated or divided into corresponding daughter DNA molecules
S phase
Cancers that begin in connective tissue; one of the two major categories of cancers
Sarcomas
The deflection of x-ray photons as they pass through the body after interacting with its atoms
Scatter
The three nonfunctional cells produced in the second meiotic division in oogenesis
Second polar bodies
Barriers designed to protect areas from secondary radiation.
Secondary protective barrier
Includes both leakage radiation from the x-ray tubing and scatter radiation.
Secondary radiation
Recessive gene mutation found on the X chromosome (that is, expressed without a complementary gene), expressed in males because there is no matching gene in the male’s Y chromosome
Sex-linked gene mutation
Shield made of radiopaque material that is suspended over the patient to cast a shadow in the primary beam over areas to be protected, such as a patient’s gonads
Shadow shield
Protection device made of radiopaque material and contoured to enclose the male reproductive organs
Shaped contact shield
Device used to protect an area, such as the reproductive organs, from ionizing radiation; see also clear-lead shield, flat contact shield, shadow shield, and shaped contact shield
Shield
Units standardized by the International System of Units
SI units
The SI unit for dose equivalent; one sievert equals one joule of energy absorbed per kilogram of tissue
Sievert (Sv)
One chromosome struck in one location
Single-hit chromosome aberration
Refers to all the cells in the human body except the germ cells (genetic cells)
Somatic cells
The distance from the anode focal spot to the diaphragm opening
Source-to-diaphragm distance (SDD
The distance from the anode focal spot to the radiographic image receptor
Source-to-image distance (SID)
Division of sperm germ cells.
Spermatogenesis
Nonthreshold, randomly occurring biologic somatic changes in which the likelihood is proportional to the dose of ionizing radiation
Stochastic effects
Protein that gives the body shape and form and produces heat and energy
Structural protein
Genes that suppress the replication of malignant cells
Suppressor genes
A measurement that accounts for both the exposure and the area of the beam falling on the body of the individual who is being exposed
Surface integral exposure
Medical term for a collection of symptoms, such as in acute radiation syndrome
Syndrome
The scientific theory that each cell contains a key, or master, molecule and that cell death occurs only if the master molecule is destroyed as a result of exposure to ionizing radiation
Target theory
Total effective dose equivalent; a radiation protection term that specifies the maximum allowable total accumulated dose
TEDE
The last phase of mitosis, during which the chromatids uncoil and become long, loosely spiraled threads
Telophase
Personnel monitoring device that uses a crystalline form of lithium fluoride as a sensing material to measure radiation, such as measuring the entrance skin exposure to radiation for the purpose of assessing patient skin dose
Thermoluminescent dosimeter (TLD)
A point at which a biologic response to radiation first occurs, as in a threshold radiation dose-response relationship
Threshold
Blood cells that promote blood clotting and stop hemorrhage; also called platelets
Thrombocytes
A value developed by the ICRP and adopted for use in the United States by the NCRP; assigns a relative risk factor for biologic responses associated with irradiation of different body tissues
Tissue weighting factors
Molecules that transport and arrange different amino acids according to the genetic code
Transfer RNA molecule
Areas occupied by members of the general public
Uncontrolled areas
The proportional amount of time during which the x-ray beam is energized or directed toward a particular barrier; also called the beam-direction factor.
Use factor
Columns of cells lining the intestinal lining
Villi
Motion controlled at will, as when a patient moves all or part of his or her body, such as an arm or leg or the abdomen
Voluntary motion
Specialized filter that compensates for varying thickness densities of an area such as the foot; the thick portion of the wedge is positioned over the toes and the thin portion over the heel
Wedge filter
The radiation-output weighted time when an x-ray generator is actually delivering radiation; specified either in units of mA seconds per week or mA minutes per week
Workload
Electromagnetic radiation, including that emitted from the anode of an x-ray tube after bombardment by high-speed electrons
X-rays
Fertilized ovum, produced when spermatozoa fertilizes the ootid
Zygote
Only ______ & ______ are present in the
body as elements – others are present in
organic and inorganic compounds
Oxygen and Nitrogen
All organic material contains this element
Carbon
Radiation interactions occur at the ____ level
Atomic
Radiation effects occur at the ___ level
Cellular
Hydrogen atomic composition of the body
60%
Oxygen atomic composition of the body
25.7%
Carbon atomic composition of the body
10.7%
Nitrogen atomic composition of the body
2.4%
Calcium atomic composition of the body
0.2%
Phosphorus atomic composition of the body
0.1%
Sulfur atomic composition of the body
0.1%
Trace elements atomic composition of the body
0.8%
Water molecular composition of the body
80%
Protein molecular composition of the body
15%
Lipids molecular composition of the body
2%
Carbohydrates molecular composition of the body
1%
Nucleic Acids molecular composition of the body
1%
“Other” molecular composition of the body
1%
