cell injury and death (3)

Question 1

necrosis

Answer 1

cell death

Question 2

most common cause of cell injury>

Answer 2

hypoxia

Question 3

what is hypoxia?

Answer 3

low oxygen delivery to tissues resulting in low ATP production which disrupts key cellular function such as Na/K pump, Ca pump, aerobic respiration (lactic acid buildup)

Question 4

most common cause of hypoxia

Answer 4

Ischemia

Question 5

what is ischemia

Answer 5

low blood flow to an organ

Question 6

arterial perfusion

Answer 6

atherosclerosis

Question 7

venous drainage

Answer 7

(Budd-Chiari syndrome)

Question 8

hypoxemia

Answer 8

low partial pressure of oxygen in blood

Question 9

reversable injury: Generalized swelling of the cell

Answer 9

failure of energy-dependent-ion pumps- in CM.
It is usually the first manifestation.

Question 10

plasma membrane alterations (reversable injury)

Answer 10

blebs, blunting or loss of villi.n
loosening of intercellular attachments.

Question 11

nuclear alterations (reversable injury)

Answer 11

nuclear chromatin clumping

Question 12

morphological features for irreversible injury (necrosis):

Answer 12

Loss of membrane integrity & Damage to nuclear material.
 inflammatory response.

Question 13

Karyolysis (nuclear changes in necrosis)

Answer 13

loss of DNA, fade of basophilia

Question 14

pyknosis (nuclear changes in necrosis)

Answer 14

nuclear shrinkage and increased basophilia → Disappearance of the nucleus.

Question 15

Karyorhexis: (nuclear changes in necrosis)

Answer 15

fragmentation of the pyknotic nucleus

Question 16

coagulative necrosis (distinctive pattern)

Answer 16

preservation of the architecture of dead tissue
 Eosinophilic anucleated cells.
 Ischemia in any organ except the brain may lead to coagulative necrosis.

Question 17

liquefactive necrosis (distinctive pattern)

Answer 17

Digestion of dead cells resulting into a liquid viscous mass.
 In focal bacterial or fungal infections & in hypoxic death in CNS.
 Creamy yellow: accumulation of dead leukocytes (pus).

Question 18

Gangrenous necrosis (Not a distinctive pattern)

Answer 18

Used clinically in describing lower limb coagulative necrosis
 secondary to ischemia.