Apoptosis

Question 1

apoptosis is not an _____ (unlike necrosis)

Answer 1

inflammatory process

Question 2

what are the physiological situations in which apoptosis occurs

Answer 2

embryogenesis and involution of hormone-dependent tissues upon hormone withdrawal

Question 3

what are the pathological situations in which apoptosis occur

Answer 3

irreversible DNA damage (mutations, radiation, and hypoxia), accumulation of misfolded protein, and certain viral infections.`

Question 4

nuclear margination

Answer 4

chromatin condensation

Question 5

on H&E stains apoptotic cells appear

Answer 5

intensely eosinophilic / shrunken basophilic, surrounded by halo

Question 6

caspases

Answer 6

enzymes that when activated lead to apoptosis

Question 7

what are the types of caspases

Answer 7

initiators (caspase 8 & 9) and executioners (caspase 3 & 6)

Question 8

what are the anti-apoptotic proteins

Answer 8

Bcl-2 (most imp), Bclx, and Mcl-1

Question 9

what are the pro-apoptotic proteins

Answer 9

Bak and Bax

Question 10

what stimulates the production of anti-apoptotic proteins

Answer 10

Growth factors

Question 11

which pathway is the major mechanism of apoptosis

Answer 11

mitochondrial pathway (intrinsic)

Question 12

BH3

Answer 12

inhibits anti-apoptotic and activates pro-apoptotic

Question 13

mitochondrial pathway

Answer 13

• release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria into the cytosol
• Cytochrome C binds to Apaf-1 (apoptosis activating factor) forming apoptosome
• apoptosome binds to caspase-9

Question 14

caspase-9

Answer 14

the critical initiator caspase

Question 15

which pathway is responsible for the elimination of self-reactive lymphocytes

Answer 15

death receptor pathway (extrinsic)

Question 16

Death receptor pathway (extrinsic)

Answer 16

initiated by plasma membrane death receptors (TNF) - Fas receptor
- TNF-1 (Fas receptor) binds to FasL (on activated T-cells) which activates caspases (caspase 8)

Question 17

death domain

Answer 17

cytoplasmic structure involved in protein-protein interactions (FAAD).

Question 18

execution of apoptosis

Answer 18

Caspases 3 & 6, activation of DNase. degradation and fragmentation of nuclei and phagocytosis

Question 19

Amyloidosis

Answer 19

abnormal aggregation of proteins (or their fragments) into B-pleated linear sheets&raquo_space; insoluble in fibrils

Question 20

congo red stain

Answer 20

visualizes amyloid deposits

Question 21

systemic amyloidosis

Answer 21

amyloid deposits in multiple organs

Question 22

primary amyloidosis

Answer 22

systemic deposition of AL amyloid (derived from the light chain of immunoglobulin

Question 23

what is primary amyloidosis associated with

Answer 23

plasma cell dyscrasias (multiple myeloma)

Question 24

secondary amyloidosis

Answer 24

systemic deposition of AA amyloid which is derived from serum amyloid-associated protein (SAA)

Question 25

what increases SAA

Answer 25

chronic inflammatory and malignancy states.
-FMF

Question 26

Nephrotic syndrome

Answer 26

increased protein in urine (most common organ is the kidney) causes amyloidosis

Question 27

macroglossia

Answer 27

tongue enlargement

Question 28

carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 28

musculoskeletal amyloidosis

Question 29

what is the treatment of amyloid deposits

Answer 29

NO treatment: damaged organs must be transplanted

Question 30

localized amyloidosis

Answer 30

amyloid depositions to a single organ

Question 31

senile cardiac amyloidosis

Answer 31

non-mutated serum transthyretin (deposits in the heart)

Question 32

familial A cardiomyopathy

Answer 32

mutated serum transthyretin

Question 33

non-insulin-dependent DM (type II)

Answer 33

Amylin (derived from insulin) islets of the pancreas

Question 34

Alzheimer disease

Answer 34

AB amyloid deposits in the brain forming amyloid plaques

Question 35

dialysis-associated amyloidosis

Answer 35

B2-microglobulin joints

Question 36

medullary carcinoma of the thyroid

Answer 36

tumor cells produce Calcitonin which deposits within the tumor