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Foundations > Cell Injury, Acute and Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

Cell Injury, Acute and Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following is the first sign of anoxic cell injury?

(A) cell swelling 
(B) vacuolization 
(C) karyorrhexis 
(D) mitochondrial calcification 
(E) pyknosis
A

Cell swelling

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2
Q

Examples of reversible cell injury

A
  1. cloudy cellular swelling
  2. hydropic change
  3. fatty change
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3
Q

A well-demarcated area of myocardium appears paler than surrounding tissue and microscopically consists of eosinophilic muscle fibers with only a few karyorrhectic and pyknotic nuclei remaining. Many polys are seen, especially at the margin of this area. The age of the myocardial infarct is most likely:

(A)  2 minutes 
(B)  2 hours
(C)  2 days
(D)  2 weeks
(E)  2 months
A

2 days

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4
Q

Mediators of acute inflammation:

  1. cell derived definition?
  2. plasma protein derived? produced where?
A
  1. cell derived: preformed in storage granules, de novo synthesis
  2. plasma derived: inactive form in the plasma, typically produced in the liver
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5
Q

hyperemia

A

dilated blood vessels to increase flow

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6
Q

Examples of vasodilators

A
  1. vasoactive amines (preformed granules) : histamine (mast cells and platelets), serotonin (platelets)
  2. COX products from arachinodic acid: prostacyclin, PGD2, PDE2
  3. bradykinin (also produces pain)
  4. platelet activating factor (at low concentrations)
  5. NO
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7
Q

Source of

  1. Histamine and serotonin
  2. arachidonic acids
  3. platelet activating factors
  4. NO
  5. Bradykinin
A
  1. preformed granules (cell-derived)
  2. phospholipids from cell membrane (cell-derived)
  3. phospholipids (cell-derived)
  4. constitutive, inducible, and from endothelial cells (cell-derived)
  5. plasma protein derived***
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8
Q

Actions of bradykinin

A
  1. increase vascular permeability
  2. dilations of vasculature
  3. contraction of non-vasc smooth muscle
  4. pain
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9
Q

Actions of NO

A
  1. vascular permability
  2. inhibition of platelet aggregation and WBC recruitment
  3. microbicidal
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10
Q

effusion

A

escape of fluid into a defined cavity, transudate or exudate

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11
Q

edema

A

accumulation in interstitium or alveolus, transudate or exudate

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12
Q

mediators for retraction of endothelial cells

A
  1. bradykinin
  2. histamine
  3. leukotrienes
  4. NO
  5. substance P
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13
Q

mediators that cause vasodilation

A
  1. bradykinin
  2. histamine
  3. leukotrienes
  4. NO
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14
Q

systemic effects of acute inflammation

A
  1. Fever
    TNF, Interleukin (IL)1 and 6 acts via prostaglandins
    on the hypothalamic thermoregulatory center. 2.Leukocytosis
    Colony stimulating factors promote increased release of leukocytes from bone marrow.
  2. Tachycardia (rapid heart rate)
  3. Tachypnea (rapid respiratory rate)
  4. Acute Phase Reactants
    IL-6 causes hepatocytes to increase synthesis of certain serum proteins
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15
Q

Causes of these symptoms?

  1. Short of breath
  2. Green – colored sputum
  3. Fever and Malaise
A
  1. Leakage of plasma proteins
  2. Neutrophil degradation of bacteria
  3. Cyclooxgenase metabolites and cytokines
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16
Q

Purpose of acute inflammation

A

Eliminate pathogen (s), Remove necrotic tissue

17
Q

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs): strands of what?

A

chromatin and protein (anti-microbial activity)

18
Q

Cytokines important in acute and chronic inflammation

A

TNF and IL-1 (local concentrations usually higher than systemic

19
Q

Diseases treated with cytokine/TNF inhibitors

A
  1. Rheumatoid arthritis
  2. Crohn’s disease
  3. Psoriatic arthritis
  4. Ankylosing spondylitis

TNF inhibitors: soluble receptors or antibodies

20
Q

Affects of IL-6

A
  1. stimulates synthesis of acute phase reactants in the liver
  2. fever
  3. growth of antibody producing B lymphocytes
21
Q

causes of granulomas

A

Infectious
Mycobacteria (tuberculosis, leprosy), Coccidiomycosis, Blastomycosis, Spirochetes

Foreign Body

Idiopathic

Foundations (11 decks)

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