Cell division , Genetics,Reproduction study guide Flashcards
a fertilized egg, the result of a sperm and egg cell nucleus combining
Zygote
the many celled ball that results after and ovum is fertilized
blastula
Steps in Mitosis
Porphase,Metaphase,Anaphase,and Telophase
of cell divisions
Mitosis= 1 Meiosis = 2
of daughter cells
Mitosis = 2 Meiosis = 4
Chromosome#
Mitosis = 2n Meiosis = 1n
sperm cell and egg cell nucleus fuse forming a zygote
Fertilization
the zygote begins to divide forming a many celled ball called a blastula. each cell in the blastula is identical at this point ,and is called a blastomere
Cleavage
Each blastomre transforms into one of three germ layers, ectoderm, mesoderm, or endoderm
Gastriculation
the neural fold forms closes and becomes the neutral tube a precursor of the brainnnnnnnn and spinal cord. if the tube does not close completely, a condition callled spinal bifida results.
Neurlation
formation and function of the organs
Organogenesis
all organs become larger
growth
the reproductive organs produce functional gametes - egg and sperm
Gametogenesis
a segment on a chromosome which codes for 1 trait
gene
the passing of genetic information form parent to offspring
Heredity
requires only 1 allele for the trait to be expressed i.e. Rr > red flower
Dominant Trait
Requires 2 alleles for the trait to be expressed i.e. rr white flower color
Recessive Trait
the actual alleles present in an individual
Genotype
what you see in the individual i.e. Brown hair, red flower color.
phenotype
a version of a gene. I.e. R or r
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes and therefore 2 alleles for each trait
Allele
Genrally 3 phenotypes are seen for the trait I.e Red, pink, and white
Incomplete Dominance
the allele or trait is carried on the X chromosome and is seem more frequently in males than females
sex linked
chromosomes exchange portions of themselves and increase genetic variability
Crossing Over
Inactivated X chromosomes found only in females
Barr bodies
produces a nutrient fluid rich in fructose. Acts as a PH buffer and contains prostaglandin to increase vaginal and uterine muscle contractions to help move the sperm up the female reproductive tract.
Seminal vesicle
Produces a mucus like lubricating substance. located at base of penis
Cowpers Gland
Secretes a milky alkaline fluid and adjusts ph of semen to ph7.5
Prostate Gland
Spermatogenic cells in tubule wall
produce sperm
Supporting , sertoli or nurse cells
nourish and support developing sperm
in connective tissue around tubule produce testosterone
interstitial cells
collecting duct for maturing sperm
Epididymis
muscular tube which moves sperm from te epididymis to the base of the penis. It ends at the seminal vesicle
Vas Deferens
the fluid from all of the glands, plus sperm
Semen
composed of follicular cells plus an ovum. follicular cells turn into corpus leutem after the 14th day of the cycle and produce estrogen
Follicle
in the female. produces a mucus like lubricating substance
Bartholins Gland
a cell that will develop into an mature egg or ovum
Ooyte
composed of follicles. Produces one Ovum per month, and estrogen
OVary
the lining of the Uterus
endometrium
a hollow muscular tube that acts as te birth canal, and used for copulation
Vagina
A hollow muscular tube that nourished an embryo in pregnancy
Uterus
muscular ring a the bottom of the vagina. Produces thick mucus near the time of ovulation. produces very thick mucus in pregnancy to help prevent sperm from entering the reproductive tract.
Cervix
causes painful blisters and sores on the Genital region
Genital Herpes
Causes painful urination in males, and pid or pelvic inflammatory disease in females
Gonorrhea
caused by a tiny parasitic bacterium. can cause sexual, eye, joint ,,and lung infections in new borns
Chlamydia
caused by a bacterium. occurs in 3 distinct stages. 1 chancre 2 body rash 3 . nervous system , brain and artery damage .
syphilis
caused by the papiloma virus. cause wart like growth on the genital area. treated by removal but they grow back
Genital warts
COnsists of G1,s,G2
INterphase
Normal growth of the cell
Gap phase 1
Dna is replicated or copied if the cell is large enough and ad enough cell organelles
s snthesis
a protein necessary for cell division is made
Gap Phase 2
movement of chromosomes
Mitosis
the chromatin condenses into highly coiled turned off chromosomes
Prophase
Chromosomes at the equator or metaphase plate
Metaphase
Centromere splits and each sister chromatid moves to opposite ends or poles of the cell.
Anaphase
Chromatids are at the poles of the cell. the nuclear envelope reforms around them and cytokinesis or division of the cytoplasm begins
Telophase
XXY sterile male with some breast development
Kleinfelters syndrome
3 copies of chromosomes #21 Mental Retardation
Down Sndrome
Faulty chloride ion channel . mucus builds up in lungs , pancreas, and intestines DNAse is a treatment no cure
Cystic Fibrosis
these individuals can not eat phenylalanine , one of the amino acids, and must not eat foods with nutraSweet.
PKU
Xo
Turners Syndrome
a female hormone which causes the uterine lining to thicken in anticipation of pregnancy
estrogen
Maintains the uterine lining if pregnancy occurs
Progesterone
Follicle stimulating hormone causes the follicle to develop and mature
FSH
Leutenizing hormone causes the oocyte to complete its1 st meiotic division in preparation of ovulation
LH
after ovulation the follicle cells are converted into corpus luteum, which produces estrogen on about the 21st day of the menses cycle.
Corpus Luteum
