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Biology > Cell division > Flashcards

Cell division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Somatic cells

A

Body cells

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

The division of nucleus

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3
Q

Cytokinesis

A

The division of cytoplasm

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4
Q

Cell cycle

A
  • Orderly set of stages that take place between the time a cell divides and the time the resulting cells also divide.
  • Stages: Interphase and mitotic stage
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5
Q

Interphase

A
  • The number of organelles and chromosomes double.
  • Three stages: G1, S, and G2
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6
Q

G1 stage

A

A cell doubles its organelles and accumulate materials needed for DNA synthesis

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7
Q

S stage

A

DNA replication occurs.

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8
Q

G2 stage

A

The cell synthesizes the proteins needed for cell division.

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9
Q

G0 stage

A

Cell does not divide anymore.

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10
Q

Mitotic stage

A
  • Follows interphase.
  • Includes mitosis and cytokinesis.
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11
Q

Cyclin

A

Protein needed for the progress of stages.

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12
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

Stops cycle if DNA is not done replicating or is damaged.

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13
Q

M checkpoint

A

Stops if chromosomes are not aligned.

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14
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

Protein p53 stops cycle if DNA is damaged.

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15
Q

Apoptosis

A
  • Progressive set of events resulting in cell destruction.
  • Cells round up and lose contact with other cells.
  • Nucleus breaks up and cell undergoes fragmentation.
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16
Q

Caspases

A
  • 2 sets of enzymes which mediate apoptosis.
  • One set initiates the events.
  • The other set activates enzymes that digest the cell
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17
Q

Chromatin

A

Tangled mess of threadlike DNA in nondividing cells.

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18
Q

Chromosomes

A

Condensed rod-shaped DNA molecules during division.

19
Q

Diploid(2N) number

A

Characteristic chromosome number, chromosomes in pairs.

20
Q

Haploid(N) number

A

Half the diploid number, found in gametes.

21
Q

Prophase

A

Nuclear membrane disapplears, centrosomes migrate, spindle fibers appear.

22
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes line up at equator, associated with spindle fibers.

23
Q

Anaphase

A

Centromeres divide, sister chromatids migrate to opposite poles, cytokinesis begins.

24
Q

Telophase

A

Nuclear membranes form, spindle fibers disappear, cytokinesis occurs.

25
Q

Asters

A

Centrioles+ spindle fibers

26
Q

Mitosis in plant cells

A

Occurs in meristematic tissues. Do not have centrioles or asters.

27
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cells

A

Flattened, small disk appears between daughter cells. Golgi apparatus produces vescicles which move to disk. Release molecules which build cell walls. Vescicle membranes complete plasma membranes.

28
Q

Cell plate

A

Small, flattened disk which forms between daughter cells.

29
Q

Cytokinesis in animal cells

A

Cleavage furrow forms between daughter nuclei. Contractile ring contracts deepening the furrow. continues until separation is complete.

30
Q

Plasmid

A

Bacterial chromosome

31
Q

Binary fission

A

Cell division in prokaryotes. Have a single chromosome. Chromosomal replication occurs before division. Cell begins to elongate twice its length. Cell membrane grows inward until division is complete.

32
Q

Synapsis

A

Homologues line up side by side at equator

33
Q

Crossing over

A

Exchange of segments of DNA between homologues.

34
Q

Prophase 1

A

Synapsis occurs, nuclear membrane breaks down. Homologues line up side by side and crossing over occurs.

35
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Homologous pairs line up at equator such that maternal or paternal member may be oriented toward either pole

36
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Homologous chromosomes (each consisting of 2 chromatids) undergo independent assortment into daughter cells.

37
Q

Telophase 1

A

Cytokinesis produces two haploid daughter cells.

38
Q

Interkinesis

A

Period between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2

39
Q

Prophase 2

A

Cells have one member of each homologous pair.

40
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Chromosomes line up at the equator.

41
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Centromeres divide and daughter chromosomes migrate.

42
Q

Telophase 2

A

Nuclei form, cytokinesis occurs.

43
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Causes various syndromes which result from abnormal chromosome numbers. Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate during anaphase. Failure of sister chromatids to separate during anaphase 2. Down syndrome occurs from nondisjunction of chromosome 21

44
Q

Genetic recombination

A

Promotes genetic variability. Independent alignment of paired chromosomes during metaphase 1. Crossing over in prophase 1. Both assure that gametes will contain different combinations of chromosomes. When fertilization occurs, the resulting offspring will be genetically unique.

Biology (5 decks)

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