Cell Division Flashcards
1
Q
What occurs during G1 of interphase?
A
- The cells grows
- New proteins synthesised to replicate organelles
2
Q
What are centrioles and what happens to them during prophase?
A
- Component of the cytoskeleton of most eukaryotic cells, composed of microtubules
- Move to opposite poles of cell during prophase
3
Q
How do chromosomes attach during metaphase?
A
Attach to spindle fibres by their centromere
4
Q
Describe telophase
A
- Chromatids reach opposite poles and uncoil
- Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes
-Nuceoli form
5
Q
What is crossing over?
A
When pairs of homologous chromosomes swap portions of their chromatids, and hence alleles
6
Q
How is an erythrocyte adapted to perform it’s function?
A
- Flattened, biconcave shape - increases SA:V ratio for diffusion of oxygen
- No nucleus or organelles - more space for Hb
- Flexible - can fit through narrow capillaries
7
Q
How is a neutrophil adapted?
A
- Flexible cell membrane - allows the cell to engulf pathogens
- Has many lysosomes containing digestive enzymes - break down engulfed particles
- Multi-lobed nucleus - allows it to squeeze through small gaps to reach sites of infection
8
Q
How is a sperm cell adapted?
A
- Has a flagellum - allows it to swim to an egg cell
- Contains many mitochondria - supply energy for movement
- Has an acrosome that contains digestive enzyme - allows sperm cell to enter egg cell
9
Q
How are squamous epithelial cells adapted?
A
Very thin and permeable so gases can diffuse easily
10
Q
How are palisade cells adapted?
A
- Contain lots of chloroplasts - absorb light for photosynthesis
- Thin cell walls - allow CO2 to quickly diffuse into cell
- Tall and thin shapes - cells can pack closely together to form a continuous layer
11
Q
How are root hair cells adapted?
A
- Has a root hair - increases surface area for absorption of materials
- Thin, permeable cell wall - allows water and ions to enter cell
- Contains lots of mitochondria - provide energy for active transport
12
Q
How to guard cells prevent water loss from a leaf?
A
- Lose water and shrink
- Closes the stomata
13
Q
How are erythrocytes and neutrophils produced?
A
- Distinct, differentiated cells
- Derived from a common stem cell in bone marrow
14
Q
What are 5 uses of stem cells in research and medicine?
A
- Treatment for certain diseases like neurological conditions
- Testing new drugs
- Studying development of organisms
- Identifying causes of disorders
- Repair of damaged tissues
