cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

what happens in prophase I

A

chromosomes condense
centrioles move to the pole
nuclear membrane breaks down
centrioles start to make spindle fibres

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2
Q

what happens during the bivalent formation

A

chromosomes cross over
certain genes are transferred

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3
Q

what is synapsis

A

the process of pairing up homogolous chromosomes

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4
Q

what is a chiasma

A

the point at which chromosomes cross over

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5
Q

what happens during metaphase I

A

4 chromatids line up at equator
centromere attaches the chromosome to the spindle

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6
Q

what happens during anaphase I

A

bivalent seperation (pull chromosomes apart)
centromeres do not divide (break apart chaisma)

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7
Q

what happens during telophase I

A

2 new nuclear envelopes form

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8
Q

what is a gene locus

A

position of a gene on a chromosome

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9
Q

what happens during the process of synapsis

A

the process of pairing up the homologous chromosomes

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10
Q

what is the asexual reproduction in yeast

A

budding

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11
Q

outline the process of the asexual process in yeast

A

mitosis

small bud emerges from mother cell
enlarges until it reaches a certain size
separates from the mother cell

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12
Q

why does genetic material need to replicate before the nucleus is divided (2 marks)

A

genetically identical
correct amount of DNA

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13
Q

what is a homologous pair of chromosomes (3 marks)

A

maternal and paternal genes
carry same genes
carry same alleles

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14
Q

what is the function of squamous epithelium

A

acts as a surface

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15
Q

where is squamous epithelium found

A

alveoli

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16
Q

give 2 examples of where to find meristem tissue

A

root
shoot

17
Q

what is the nuclear division that occurs in meristem

A

mitosis

18
Q

what are the stages of the cell cycle

A

interphase
mitotic
cytokinesis

19
Q

what are the 3 stages in interphase

A

G1
S
G2

20
Q

what happens in G1 (2 ways)

A

cell size doubles
cell synthesis

21
Q

what happens in the S phase of interphase

A

DNA replicates

22
Q

what happens in G1

A

organelles divide

23
Q

give 3 reasons why mitosis occurs

A

growth
cell repair
asexual reproduction

24
Q

what are the 4 phases of the mitotic phase

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

25
Q

what are the 3 things that occur in prophase

A

chromosomes condense
centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell
nuclear envelope and nucleolus breaks down

26
Q

what happens in metaphase

A

chromatids line up on the equator

27
Q

what happens in anophase

A

spindle fibres contract
chromatids seperate into 2 different chromosomes and are pulled to opposite poles of the cell
spindle fibres break down

28
Q

what happens in telophase

A

chromsomes decondense
nuclear envelope form around each set of chromosome

29
Q

what are the 2 things that happen in cytokinesis

A

cell membrane forms cleavage furrow
division of cytoplasm

30
Q

what enzyme and protein initates the next phase of the cell cycle after a checkpoint

A

kinase enzymes
phosphorylate proteins

31
Q

what are the products of meiosis

A

4 haploid cells
half the number of DNA

32
Q

what are the

A