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Pharmaceutical Botany + Taxonomy > Cell division > Flashcards

Cell division Flashcards

1
Q

Enumerate why cells need to divide

A

Living things grow by producing more cells

Repair of damaged tissue

If the cell gets too big, it cannot get enough nutrients into the cell and wastes out of the cell

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2
Q

The original cell is called

A

Parent cell

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3
Q

The 2 new cells created at cell division are called

A

Daughter cells

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4
Q

Each daughter cell is _________ like the parent cell

A

Exactly, same kind and number of chromosomes

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5
Q

Phase of the cell cycle that includes G1, S, and G2

A

Interphase

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6
Q

The time between the end of the previous cell division and the beginning of the DNA replication

A

1st gap phase

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7
Q

The longest phase

A

1st gap phase

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8
Q

Involves the replication of DNA

A

Synthesis Phase

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9
Q

Increased protein synthesis occurs as the cell prepares to divide

A

2nd Gap Phase

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10
Q

Phase where normal cell growth occurs

A

1st Gap Phase

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11
Q

Involves DNA replication

A

Synthesis Phase

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12
Q

Phase for the preparation of mitosis

A

2nd Gap Phase

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13
Q

Phase of cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis

A

Mphase

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14
Q

The division of the cell nucleus resulting in two daughter nuclei

A

Mitosis

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15
Q

The division of the cell nucleus where each of the daughter cells possess the same number of chromosomes as the parent nucleus

A

Mitosis

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16
Q

The stage of cell division in which the cytoplasm divides to form two daughter cells

A

Cytokinesis

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17
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

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18
Q

Meaning of PMAT

A

Prophase

Metaphase

Anaphase

Telophase

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19
Q

Phase where chromosomes are uncondensed

A

Interphase (G2)

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20
Q

Phase where early mitotic spindles become apparent

A

Prophase

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21
Q

Two sister chromatids form

A

Prophase

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22
Q

The phase marks the appearance of kinetochore microtubules

A

Prometaphase

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23
Q

Fragments of nuclear envelope can be observed

A

Prometaphase

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24
Q

Large protein assemblies that connect chromosomes to microtubules of the mitotic and meiotic spindles in order to distribute the replicated genome from a mother cell to its daughter

A

Kinetochores

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25
Q

Chromosomes line up in the metaphase plate

A

Metaphase

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25
Q

Phase where daughter chromosomes are formed by separating the chromosomes

A

Anaphase

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26
Q

Phase where cleavage furrow starts to form

A

Telophase and Cytokinesis

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27
Q

Nuclear envelope starts to form

A

Telophase and Cytokinesis

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28
Q

A structure made of microtubule, strong fibers that are part of cell’s skeleton

A

Early mitotic spindles

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29
Q

microtubules that are attached to chromosomes at the kinetochores to facilitate movement to opposite poles before cytokinesis

A

Kinetochore Microtubules

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30
Q

Prophase I is the phase where chromosomes ____________ and the nuclear envelope starts to _____________

A

Condense, break down

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31
Q

Phase where crossing over occurs

A

Prophase 1

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32
Q

Phase of Meiosis where the pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator of the cell

A

Metaphase 1

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33
Q

Phase where homologous chromosomes move to the opposite poles of the cell

A

Anaphase 1

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34
Q

Phase in Meiosis where chromosomes gather at the poles of the cell

A

Chromosomes gather at the poles of the cell

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35
Q

The phase where the cytoplasm divides

A

Cytokinesis

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36
Q

A point at which paired chromosomes remain in contact

A

Chiasmata

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37
Q

Phase where the appearance of homologous chromosomes is seen

A

Prophase 1

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38
Q

Phase of meiosis where the nuclear envelope starts to fragment

A

Prophase 1

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39
Q

Constricted region of chromosomes that separates the chromatids into two arms

A

Centromeres

40
Q

Phase in Meiosis where new spindle forms around the chromosomes

A

Prophase II

41
Q

Phase of Meiosis where the chromosomes line up on the equator

A

Metaphase II

42
Q

Phase in meiosis where centromeres start to divide

A

Anaphase II

43
Q

Phase in Meiosis where chromatids move to the opposite poles of the cell

A

Anaphase II

44
Q

Phase of Meiosis where a nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes

A

Telophase II

45
Q

Phase where sister chromatids are pulled apart

46
Q

Phase where mitotic spindles attach to chromosomes

47
Q

Cell pinches in the middle

48
Q

Cell division where it results into to haploid daughter cells

49
Q

Cell division that results to two diploid daughter cells

50
Q

Phase that occurs in all organisms (except viruses)

51
Q

Creates all body (Somantic) cells like blood cells

52
Q

Involves one cell division

53
Q

Produces two diploid (2n) daughter cells

54
Q

Produces daughter cells that are genetically identical

55
Q

Creates a human cell with 46 chromosomes

56
Q

Phase that occurs in plants and animals

A

Mitosis and meiosis

57
Q

Starts with a diploid parent cell

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

58
Q

Produces new cells

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

59
Q

Cells undergo DNA replication

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

60
Q

Same basic steps

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

61
Q

Occurs only in plants, animals, and fungi

62
Q

Creates only sex (germ) cells like sperm cells

63
Q

Involves two successive cell divisions

64
Q

Produces 4 haploid (n) daughter cells

65
Q

Daughter cells are genetically different

66
Q

Creates a human cell with 23 chromosomes

67
Q

Non-dividing cells

A

Interphase

68
Q

Longest phase of the cell cycle

A

Interphase

69
Q

The time in which the physiological function of most cells is undertaken

A

Interphase

70
Q

Phase where three consecutive periods of intense activity happens

A

Interphase

71
Q

Three consecutive periods of intense activity of interphase

A

Gap (growth) 1 - G1
Synthesis
gap (Growth) n2 - G2

72
Q

Phase where cell increase in size

A

Interphase - G1

73
Q

Ribosomes, RNA, and substances that inhibit or stimulate the S period are produced

A

Interphase - G1

74
Q

DNA replication (Duplication) takes place

A

Interphase - S

75
Q

Mitochondria and other organelles divide

A

Interphase - G2

76
Q

Microtubules and other substances directly involved are produced

A

Interphase - G2

77
Q

Coiling and condensation of chromosomes begin in this phase

A

Interphase - G2

78
Q

Cell division

79
Q

In prophase the chromosomes becomes ____ and _______

A

shorter and thicker

80
Q

Prophase: their _________ becomes apparent

A

two-stranded nature

81
Q

Prophase: the nuclear envelope ______

A

disassociates

82
Q

Prophase: the nucleolus _________

A

Disintegrates

83
Q

The briefest of the phases

84
Q

Involves the sister chromatids of each chromosomes separating and moving to opposite poles

85
Q

Each group of daughter chromosomes becomes surrounded by a reformed nuclear envelope

A

Telophase (1)

86
Q

Daughter chromosomes become longer and thinner and finally become indistinguishable

A

telophase (2)

87
Q

Nucleoli reappear

A

Telophase (3)

88
Q

Many of the spindle fibers disintegrate

A

Telophase (4)

89
Q

Cell plate forms

A

Telophase (5)

90
Q

Enumerate the five steps of telophase in order

A

Each group of daughter cells becomes surrounded by a reformed nuclear envelope

Daughter chromosomes become longer and thinner and finally become indistinguishable

Nucleoli reappears

Many of the spindle fibers disintegrate

Cell plate forms

91
Q

Enumerate the two steps of prophase

A

The chromosomes become shorter and thicker, and their two-stranded nature becomes apparent

The nuclear envelope disassociates and the nucleolus disintegrates

92
Q

During the telophase a ________ (a complex of microtubules and endoplasmic reticulum) develops

A

Phragmoplast

93
Q

complex of microtubules and endoplasmic reticulum

A

Phragmoplast

94
Q

During the telophase microtubules trap _______ along a central plane

A

Dictyosome vesicles

95
Q

The vesicles fuse into a flattened, hollow, structure,that becomes a ________

A

cell plate

96
Q

cell plate formation

97
Q

telophase: two _____ and two ____ forms

A

Primary cell walls, plasma membranes

98
Q

When the cell plate reaches the mother cell walls, _________________ and _______________________

A

Plasma membranes unite with the existing plasma membrane

production of two daughter cells is complete

Pharmaceutical Botany + Taxonomy (23 decks)

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