Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 151 > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cancer is…

A

Uncontrolled Growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cell Division occurs for:

A

Growth
Cell Replacement
Healing
Reproduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Binary Fission

A

How bacteria undergo cell division. Asexual reproduction. Lower likelihood of mutation per one replication than eukaryotic cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Binary Fission Process

A

DNA molecule is attached to the inner membrane.
DNA replication begins bidirectionally around the circle
New strand of DNA is also attached to the inner membrane near the attachment site of the initial plasmid
The entire cell then elongates symmetrically around the midpoint, separating the DNA attachment sites
Cell division begins with the synthesis of new membrane and wall material at the midpoint
Continued synthesis complete the constriction and separates the daughter cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Mitosis

A

Eukaryotic cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Interphase

A

The time between two successive M phases. Lasts 10-14 hours. Cell makes preparations for division.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

G1

A

First “gap” phase in which size and protein content of the cell increase. Many regulatory proteins are made and activated, organelles are replicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

S

A

Synthesis phase, all DNA in the cell is replicated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

G2

A

Second Gap phase in which the cell prepares for mitosis and cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

G0

A

No active preparation for cell division. Present in cell types that don’t actively divide. Liver, nerve, lens of the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Checkpoints

A

Spindle-Assembly Checkpoint: Are all chromosomes attached to the spindle (before Anaphase)
DNA damage checkpoint: (Before S phase)
DNA Replication Checkpoint: (At the end of G2), is all DNA replicated correctly?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cyclins

A

Production caused by growth factors that arrived from other cells. Concentration fluctuates depending on the stage of cell cycle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CDK’s

A

Cyclin-dependant kinases, bound to by cyclin, the Cyclin-CDK complexes phosphorylate target proteins that promote cell division. CDK is always at some observable level in the cell. CDK can be recycled even when cyclin is degraded.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Tim Hunt

A

Sea urchin embryos as they replicated, saw that the level of cyclin fluctuated as the embryo goes through mitosis/cell cycle. Cyclin peaks at every mitosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

G1 Checkpoint

A

Growth factors arrive from other cells
Increase cyclin and E2F concentrations
Cyclin binds to CDK, and CDK is phosphorylated
Rb inactivates E2F by binding to it
Inactivating phosphate is removed from CDK and active CDK phosphorylates Rb.
Phosphorylated Rb releases E2F
E2F triggers production of S-phase proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

G1 Checkpoint Significance

A

Subject to social control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

E2F

A

Transcription Factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

p53

A

Found in the nucleus. Acts as a transcription factor that turns on genes that inhibit the cell cycle.
DNA damage activates protein kinases that phosphorylate p53. Inhibiting the cell cycle gives time to repair the DNA damage, or cause the cell to undergo apoptosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Peyton Raus

A

Experimented with chicken cancer. Took cancer from one chicken, filtered it, and injected into another chicken and found that the cancer grew. Determined that there are virus caused cancers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Oncogene

A

Cancer-causing gene, E2F

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Proto-oncogene

A

Normal genes important in cell division that have the potential to become cancerous if mutated, Cyclin

22
Q

Tumor Suppressor

A

Encode proteins whose normal activities inhibit cell division, Rb

23
Q

Karyotype

A

Shows an individuals complete set of chromosomes

24
Q

Autosome

A

Non-sex related chromosome

25
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Paired chromosomes, each comes from one parent in the example of humans, and they have the same length and loci

26
Q

Loci

A

Gene position

27
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

Identical copies formed of each chromosome during replication, joined together by a centromere

28
Q

Kinechore

A

Proteins that reside on either side of the centromere that attach to the mitotic spindle

29
Q

Diploid

A

Two chromosomes of each type. Two (one from each parent) of chromosome 1, Two of chromosome 12, 2 of chromosome 19 etc.

30
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis

31
Q

Prophase

A

Occurs after replication, chromosomes condense, centrosomes radiate microtubules and migrate to opposite poles, nuclear envelope starts to break down.

32
Q

Chromatin Fibers

A

Condensed, tightly coiled DNA wrapped around histone proteins that makes up chromosomes

33
Q

Prometaphase

A

Microtubules of the mitotic spindle attach to chromosomes, nuclear envelope breaks down

34
Q

Metaphase

A

Chromosomes align along the middle of the cell. ‘Metaphase plate’. Spindle fibers coordinate movement.

35
Q

Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids separated at kinechores and pulled apart. Poles of the cell move further apart.

36
Q

Telophase

A

Spindle fibers disperse, nuclei and nucleoli form, chromosomes arrive at opposite poles.

37
Q

Cytokinesis

A

ring of actin filaments called the contractile ring contracts around the equator, dividing the cell in two.

38
Q

Phases of Meiosis

A

Prophase 1
Prometaphase 1
Metaphase 1
Anaphase 1
Telophase 1
Prophase 2
Prometaphase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2

39
Q

Prophase 1

A

Homologous chromosomes condense and pair together, goes through synapsis. Nuclear envelope breaks down

40
Q

Synapsis

A

The matching up of homologous chromosomes for possible crossing over to occur.

41
Q

Bivalent

A

The pairing of homologous chromosomes is called a bivalent.

42
Q

Crossing Over

A

When parts of the chromosome can be switched between two paired homologous chromosomes. Creates two recombinant chromatids and two parent chromatids.

43
Q

Chiasma

A

Where crossing over occurs between the homologous chromosomes in the bivalent

44
Q

Meiosis 2

A

Steps are repeated, except the sister chromatids are separated, which give one cell the recombinant chromatid and the other the parent chromatid

45
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Same steps as mitosis, except homologous chromosomes are separated, giving one cell the copy from one parent and the other cell the copy from the other parent.

46
Q

Haploid

A

Only have one of each chromosme

47
Q

Origins of mitosis and meiosis

A

Mitosis is present in all eukaryotes. Meiosis is present in most, but not all eukaryotes. Meiosis likely evolved in a common ancestor but was lost in some groups.

48
Q

Oocyte

A

Can develop into a functional egg cell, where most of the cytoplasm is retained from meiosis

49
Q

Polar body

A

The leftover cytoplasm/cell products from meiosis previously combined with the oocyte

50
Q

Sperm development

A

Cytoplasm is eliminated, nucleus remains in the head and a flagellum

51
Q

Zygote

A

Formed during fertilization, when a full two sets of chromosomes are restored

52
Q

Nondisjunction

A

Failure of a pair of chromosomes to separate during anaphase of cell division. Gametes will have an extra copy or no copy of the chromosome. More common in the first division than the second division

Biology 151 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions