Cell - Definition, Functions, and Structures Flashcards
functions of the cell
- Cell metabolism and energy use – use of ATP
- Synthesis of Proteins
- Communication
- Reproduction and inheritance
types of cells
somatic cells - body cells
germ cells - sex cells
3 major parts of the cell
plasma membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
controls the flow of substances into in and out of the cell (selective permeability)
plasma membrane
gel-like substance fills the cell
cytoplasm
Cell’s control center; contains DNA and nucleoli; site for RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
nucleus
part of the nucleus that regulates the movement of the substances
nuclear envelope
part of the nucleus that is made of DNA, RNA & proteins
nucleolus
fluid inside the cell and contains substances such as enzymes, glycogen, potassium ions
intracellular fluid
fluid outside the cell
extracellular fluid
type of extracellular fluid between cell within tissue
interstitial fluid
type of extracellular fluid within blood vessel
plasma
type of extracellular fluid within lymphatic vessel
lymph
type of extracellular fluid that surrounds brain and spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid
No cellular energy required during transport
passive cell transport
passive transport: molecules move to equalize concentration; solutes move from an area of high to low concentration
diffusion
fluids move from lower solute concentration; movement of water into semi-permeable membrane
osmosis
water out of the cell has low concentration
hypotonic solution
water in and out of the cell has equal concentration
isotonic solution
water out of the cell has greater concentration
hypertonic solution
protein binds with molecule; shape of protein changes; moves across membrane
facilitated diffusion
cell transport where certain amount of cellular energy is needed
active cell transport
active transport: molecular movement; requires energy against gradient
endocytosis and exocytosis
release material thru vesicular transport mechanism
exocytosis
taking in material
endocytosis
cells “eat” large particles
phagocytosis
cells “drink” = forming small vesicles
pinocytosis
first step of cell cycle: somatic cells undergo then mitosis
interphase
interphase
G1 – growth phase pt. 1; proteins are synthesized
S – DNA is replicated
G2 – growth phase pt. 2; proteins are made
phase of mitosis where each chromosome consists of two chromatids joined at centromere
prophase
chromosomes align at center of cell
metaphase
chromosomes separate at centromere and migrate to opposite poles
anaphase
two nuclei assume normal structure, cell division is done, producing 2 new daughter cells
telophase
mitosis produces…
23 pairs of chromosomes (diploid cell)
meiosis produces…
22 pairs of chromosomes (1 cell is a sex cell)
cell organelle: serves as site of protein synthesis
ribosome
cell organelle: Synthesizes proteins and transports them to Golgi apparatus
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
cell organelle: Manufactures lipids and carbohydrates; detoxifies harmful chemicals; stores calcium
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Modifies, packages, and distributes proteins and lipids for secretion or internal use
golgi apparatus
cell organelle: Contains digestive enzymes
lysosome
cell organelle: Serves as one site of lipid and amino acid degradation; breaks down hydrogen peroxide
peroxisome
cell organelle: major sites of ATP synthesis when oxygen is available
mitochondria
cell organelle: Serve as centers for microtubule formation; determine cell polarity during cell division; form the basal bodies of cilia and flagella
centrioles
cell organelle: Move materials over the surface of cells
cilia
cell organelle: Increase surface area of the plasma membrane for absorption and secretion; modified to form sensory receptors
microvilli