Cell Cycle/mitosis Flashcards

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1
Q

State the 2 forms of cell division and how they differ

A

Mitosis, produces 2 daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as parent cell. Meiosis, produces 4 daughter cells, each with half the amount of chromosomes as the parent cell

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2
Q

Mitosis full definition

A

The process of nuclear division where 2 genetically identical daughter nuclei are produced, that are also genetically identical to the parent cell nucleus (same number of chromosomes)

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3
Q

Describe the stage of prophase

A

1) chromosomes condense and become visible, exist as a pair of chromatids joined by centromere 2) centrioles move to opposite poles of cell 3) spindle fibres develop from the centrioles which span cell 4) nucleolus disappears and nuclear envelope breaks down

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4
Q

Describe the stage of metaphase

A

Centrioles reach opposite poles and spindle fibres continue to extend from them, chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle and the spindle fibres attach to the centromeres

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5
Q

Describe the stage of anaphase

A

Chromatids are separated at the centromere and are pulled to opposite poles by the spindle fibres (energy for this is from mitochondria)

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6
Q

What happens in the stage of telophase

A

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and chromosomes decondense/become longer and thinner and become indistinct. Spindle fibres disintegrate, nuclear envelope and nucleoli reform

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7
Q

What happens in cytokines

A

The cytoplasm divides, producing 2 new cells

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8
Q

Why is mitosis important

A

Increase size of tissue during development (growth) replace dead and worn out cells (repair)

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9
Q

What is the process of cell division in prokaryotic cells called

A

Binary fission

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10
Q

Describe binary fission

A

Circular dna molecule replicates and both copies attach to the cell membrane, plasmids also replicate. Cell membrane begins to grow in between the 2 dna molecules, dividing the cytoplasm. A new cell wall forms between the 2 molecules of dna, dividing the cell to produce 2 daughter cells

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11
Q

What can viruses not do

A

Undergo cell division, as they are non living

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12
Q

How is viral genetic material replicated

A

They attach to a host cell, using their attachment proteins. They inject their nucleus acid into the host cell. The host cells metabolic processes start producing the viral components (including nucleic acid, enzymes, structural proteins) these are then assembled into a new viruses

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13
Q

Not all cells, within multicellular organisms retain the ability to what?

A

Divide

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14
Q

What are the 3 stages of the cell cycle

A

interphase (biggest, no division takes place) nuclear division and cytokines

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15
Q

How long is the typical mammalian cell cycle and what % is interphase

A

24 hours,interphase is 90%

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16
Q

Eukaryotic cells that do not retain the ability to divide show what

A

A cell cycle

17
Q

What are the 3 phases of interphase

A

G1, S and G2

18
Q

What happens in g1 of interphase

A

Dna in nucleus replicates, cells make rna, enzymes and other proteins

19
Q

What happens in s in interphase

A

Synthesis of dna

20
Q

What happens in g2 of interphase

A

Cell continues to increase in mass and size, new dna made is checked for errors

21
Q

What generally happens in interphase

A

Cell increases in mass and size, synthesis of proteins and replication of dna

22
Q

What is cancer

A

When there is damage to cells that regulate mitosis, leads to uncontrollable growth and division which makes tumours

23
Q

The difference between malignant and benign tumours

A

Malignant grow rapidly, less compact and more likely to be life threatening. Benign grow slower, more compact and less life threatening

24
Q

How do drugs like chemotherapy disrupt the cell cycle

A

By preventing dna from replicating and inhibiting metaphase of mitosis (by interfering with spindle formation)

25
Q

What is the problem with cancer- inhibiting drugs

A

They disrupt the cell cycle of normal cells, especially those which divide rapidly like hair producing cells because they drugs are more effective against rapidly diving cells (cancer cells)