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biochem > cell cycle and cancer development > Flashcards

cell cycle and cancer development Flashcards

1
Q

hormones

A

molecule produced and secreted by one cell type (gland), transported to second target cell to elicit biological response

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2
Q

growth factors

A

signaling proteins that act as mitogens to stimulate cell growth and proliferation of a target cell; also active at very low concentrations

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3
Q

receptors

A

target cell proteins that bind growth factors and hormones with very high affinity and specificity

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4
Q

signal transduction

A

process that converts the binding of a signaling molecule to its target cell receptor to elicit a biological response

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5
Q

second messengers

A

agents of signal transduction within the target cell

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6
Q

cancer is a disease resulting from…

A

an accumulation of mutations and epigenetic modifications in genes that regulate cell growth and division; favor increase in the rate of cell growth; cancer cells are invasive

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7
Q

all cancers are ________, but not all are ___________

A

invasive; metastatic

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8
Q

cancer is not an equal opportunity disease. what does this mean?

A

some organs/tissues are more prone to develop cancer than others. most somatic cells do not undergo cell division

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9
Q

organs that require regular replenishment are ___________________
- cells in the skin, blood, and digestive tract undergo constant turnover
- cell types that do not undergo replenishment such as muscle and neurons do no develop into cancer cells

A

at greater risk

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10
Q

cancer is most likely to develop in _______________

A

the epithelium of organs

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11
Q

cancer is a genomic disease. what does this mean?

A

cancer is associated with aging. mutations accumulate over a lifetime. the longer you live, the more likely you are to develop cancer

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12
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

normal gene that encodes a protein promoting cell growth and proliferation

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13
Q

oncogene

A

mutant form that favors excessive growth and contributed to cancer development
- a gain of function in one allele is sufficient for accelerated growth

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14
Q

tumor suppressor gene

A

encodes a protein that normally inhibits cell growth and proliferation
- loss of function mutations favors excessive growth and contributes to cancer development
- (most instances) loss of both alleles is required for complete loss of function

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15
Q

_____________ and _________________ signaling are used for production fo cell cycle proteins needed for progression through the cell cycle

A

growth factor and hormone-induced

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16
Q

mechanisms of cell signaling

A

endocrine- long range
paracrine- close range
autocrine- same cell has receptors and signals
juxtacrine- right next to each other

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17
Q

protein signaling molecules require a ______________. hydrophobic signaling molecules, such as steroid hormones, use ________________

A

cell membrane receptor; nuclear receptors

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18
Q

__________________ exists in the cytoplasm
- estrogen binding induces dimerization of ER
- ER binds to genes containing an ________________________ sequence
- ER interacts with _____________ proteins for the recruitment of transcription machinery

A

estrogen receptor; estrogen response element (ERE); coactivator

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19
Q

One of the genes that contains an ERE sequence is the _____ gene. _____ is one subunit of _____

A

JUN; JUN; AP-1

20
Q

__________ is an estrogen antagonist

A

Tamoxifen

21
Q

peptides affect target cells via plasma membrane-associated receptors. Some of these are GCPRs, others are _______________________
these receptors are transmembrane proteins that contain both intracellular and extracellular domains

A

RTKS (receptor tyrosine kinases)

22
Q

_____________ binds to RTK phosphorylated sites
- _____ is a _____________________
- ____ activity results in GDP/GTP exchange by _____

A

SOS1 complex; SOS1; guanine nucleotide exhange factor (GEF); SOS1; RAS

23
Q

active RAS activates _________________. RAS signaling is turned off by ____________________________

A

signaling cascade; GTPase activating protein (GAP)

24
Q

sequential activation of protein kinases results in _____________ and _________________, an example of a ____________________.

A

signal amplification; diversification; signaling cascade

25
Q

this pathway is activated by RTKs for many growth factors, such as IGF-1, EGF, and PDGF
- _______ interacts with ____, activating its protein kinase activity
- _____ phosphorylates _____
- _____ phosphorylates ____
- ____ phosphorylates transcription factors in the nucleus

A

RAS-GTP; RAF; RAF; MEK; MEK; ERK; ERK

26
Q

______ binds Serum Response Element (SRE) located in genes to activate transcription. ____ is one of these genes

A

ELK-1; FOS

27
Q

phosphorylation and activity of target proteins reversed by _____________

A

protein phosphatases

28
Q

what defines each phase in the cell cycle?

A

cyclin D

29
Q

_______ is a _______________ that can activate the RAS-dependent pathway

A

HER2; receptor tyrosine kinase

30
Q

_______________ is an increase in gene copy number as the result of a localized error in replication along a chromosome

A

amplification

31
Q

______________ is a synthetic antibody that binds to Her2 monomers

A

herceptin

32
Q

___ family are prominent proto-oncogenes

A

RAS

33
Q

what is the most common mutation of RAS in lung cancers?

A

G12C
(G= normal gene, 12= position C= new mutant gene)

34
Q

JUN and FOS proteins form the transcription factor ____________. ____ is an essential activator for many genes needed for progression through the cell cycle.

A

activation protein 1; AP-1

35
Q

____ and _____ are _______________

A

JUN and FOS; early response genes

36
Q

AP-1 is __________________
- FOS has no activity by itself
- JUN/JUN homodimer AP-1 is a much weaker transcription factor than JUN/FOS
- binds to the TRE cis-acting regulatory sequence in genes that regulate cell proliferation

A

leucine zipper transcription factor

37
Q

the _________ is driven by synthesis and degradation of the _________________

A

cell cycle; cyclin proteins

38
Q

a _______ complexes with a ___________________ in a 1:1 stoichiometry

A

cyclin; cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk)

39
Q

upregulation of ________ gene transcription by _____ and _____ kick starts the cell cycle

A

cyclin D; AP-1 and MYC

40
Q

the cell cycle has a ______________, and if the cell passes this point, it is committed to replication

A

restriction point

41
Q

___________________ present a ‘wall’ of inhibition in GI. cdk activity must overcome this inhibition.

A

cdk inhibitors or CKIs

42
Q

__________________ proteins bind to _______ in 1:1 stoichiometry blocking ________ binding

A

inhibitor of cdk4 (INK4); cdk4/6; cyclin D

43
Q

____________________ bind to and inhibit the activities of intact cdk-cyclin complexes

A

CDK interacting protein (CIP)

44
Q

___ is a family of activators of genes for DNA replication:
- cell cycle genes (cyclins, cdks)
- pro-growth transcription factor genes
- DNA replication machinery genes (replisome)
- histone genes

A

E2F

45
Q

cyclin D represses DNA replication by binding to _______ and ______
degradation of cyclin D is stimulated by continued pro-growth signals
cyclin-D is phosphorylated and exported to the cytoplasm where it is _____________

A

PCNA (sliding clamp in eukaryotes) and cdk2; polyubiquitinated

46
Q

progression to S phase requires sufficient active _____________ to activate _________
- cyclin A/cdk2 activation occurs by cyclin E/cdk2-dependent destruction of the cyclin A/cdk2 inhibitor _____
- phosphorylation of Sic1 makes it susceptible to a ubiquitin ligase

A

cdk2/cyclin E; cyclin A/cdk2; Sic1; ubiquitin ligase

47
Q

in S phase, replication is initiated by phosphorylation of complex proteins by _______________

A

cyclin A/cdk 2

biochem (37 decks)

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