Cell Cycle and Cancer Flashcards
What is a zygote
A fertilized egg
Define Mitosis
Cell division
Define Differentiation
process that creates special structures and functions
What do specialized structures become? (IN ORDER)
Tissues -> organs -> organ system
Name all elements of the fertilization and early development cycle (IN ORDER)
Secondary Oocyte, Fertilization, egg and sperm nucleus, zygote, 2 cell stage, 4 cell stage, 8 cell stage, Morula, Blastocyst, Implanted Blastocyst
Define ectopic
A fertilized egg implanted anywhere but the uterus (typically in fallopian tubes)
What are stem cells
Undifferentiated cells that can become differentiated into one or more types of cells
What are embryonic stem cells
Cells that never differentiated
Where are adult stem cells found
Adult bone marrow
Give examples of ectoderm cells
Neutrons, skin cells
Give examples of endoderm cells
Stomach, pancreatic, lung cells
List 5 Mesoderm cells
Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, red blood cells, bone cell
List the 2 germ cells
Egg and Sperm
Define cell cycle
repeated pattern of growth in eukaryotic cells
What are the 2 main purposes of the cell cycle
Growth and repair
what are the 3 main phases of the cell cycle
Interphase (Cell growth), Mitosis (Cell division), and Cytokinesis (Cytoplasm separation which begins at the end of mitosis
What is the interphase in cell cycle
the growth phase
Name the parts that the interphase consists of
G1 phase (Gap 1), S phase (synthesis), and G2 phase (Gap 2)
What happens during the G1 phase
Cell grows and makes proteins
What happens during the S phase
DNA replication occurs, doubling the number of chromosomes
What happens during the G2 phase
more growth and protein synthesis occurs
Define chromosome
A long thread of DNA consisting of thousands of genes
Define Gene
A section of DNA containing instructions to making a specific protein
How many chromosomes are in the human body
46 chromosomes or 23 pairs (Chromosomes always occur in pairs of homologous chromosomes)
How are parent to offspring chromosomes split
1/2 from biological father and the other 1/2 from biological mother
Define Chromatid
one half of duplicated chromosme
What are sister chromatids
two identical chromatids
What is a centromere
A region of condensed chromosmoes that look pinched
What is a telomere
Repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosome
What is the sequence of mitosis
Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis begins
