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A Level Biology > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of nuclear division?

A

Mitosis
Meiosis

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2
Q

What is chromatin?

A

More spread out form of DNA

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3
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A mor condensed form of DNA

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4
Q

What’s a centromere?

A

Attaches two genetically identical molecules made from DNA replication

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5
Q

What is a centriole?

A

Small hollow cylinders which form centrosomes

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6
Q

What are centrosomes?

A

2 hollow cylinders orientated at right angles to one another and form a network of microtubules/filaments (spindle fibres)

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7
Q

What are the three main stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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8
Q

What are the three stages of interphase?

A

G1
S
G2

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9
Q

What happens during the G1 stage of interphase?

A
  • Growth of cell
  • Duplication of organelles
  • Protein Synthesis
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10
Q

What happens during the S stage of interphase?

A

DNA replication

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11
Q

What happens during the G2 stage of interphase?

A
  • More growth
  • Checking for errors in replicated DNA
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12
Q

What are the 4 stages of Mitosis?

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
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13
Q

What happens during PROPHASE of mitosis?

A
  • The nuclear envelope disintergrates
  • The nucleolus disappears
  • Chromatin condenses (shortens/thickens) to form chromosomes
  • Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
  • Spindle fibres (microtubules) start to develop
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14
Q

What happens during the METAPHASE stage of mitosis?

A
  • Chromosomes line up along the equator (in the middle of the cell)
  • Attached to the spindle fibres by their centromeres
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15
Q

What happens during the ANAPHASE stage of mitosis?

A
  • Spindle fibres contract and shorten pulling sister chromatids apart and to opposite poles of the cell
  • Centromeres divide in two separating each pair of sister chromatids
  • This appears V-Shaped
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16
Q

What happens during the TELOPHASE stage of mitosis?

A
  • Chromatids reach opposite poles on spindle fibres - called chromosomes
  • Chromosomes decondenses to reform chromatin
  • Spindle fibres disintegrate
  • Nuclear envelope reforms around each group of chromosomes
  • Nucleolus reappears
  • Clevage furrows form to begin cytokinesis
17
Q

What is a clevage furrow?

A

When the cell pinches together to perform cytokinesis

18
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm splits/divides to form 2 genetically identical daughter cells

19
Q

Why is only the root tip used when calculating a mitotic index?

A
  • They have meristem cells at the root tip which are actively undergoing mitosis
  • Cells further up from the root tip are elongating but not dividing
20
Q

How do prokaryotic cells divide?

A

Binary Fiisoon

21
Q

Describe the process of Binary Fission?

A
  • Cell replicates it’s circular DNA and plasmids
  • The cell elongates and grows separating the DNA loops to opposite ends of the cell
  • Cross walls form so membrane invaginate (fold in) and the cytoplasm divides
  • Forms two daughter cells
22
Q

Why do we use Logs when working out bacteria cell growth ?

A

It helps us to compare data with a large range of values more accurately

23
Q

What type of process is mitosis?

A

It’s a GENE CONTROLLED process

24
Q

What are the two types of genes which control mitosis?

A

Oncogenes
Tumour Suppressor Genes

25
Q

What do Proto - Oncogenes do when switched on?

A

Cause cell to divide

26
Q

If the Proto - Oncogenes mutates to an Oncogene what happens?

A

The oncogene becomes permanently switched on leasing to uncontrolled cell division

27
Q

What is a TS gene?

A

Tumour Suppressor gene

28
Q

What is the function of TS genes?

A

Slows down cell division (helps maintain normal rates of cell division)

29
Q

What will happen is a mutation of the TS gene occurs?

A

Leads to uncontrolled cell division and tumour growth

30
Q

What are cancer treatments directed at?

A

Controlling the rate of cell division by killing rapidly dividing cells through blocking parts of the cell cycle

31
Q

How does chemotherapy control rapidly dividing cells?

A
  • Prevents DNA replication
  • Inhibits metaphase by preventing spindle fibres forming
  • Inhibits nucleotide synthesis
32
Q

What is the problem with cancer treatments like chemotherapy?

A

It can interfere with with the cell cycle of normal cells which divide rapidly (causing damage)
For example hair producing cells = Hair loss

33
Q

How do you calculate mitotic index?

A

Number of cells in mitosis (visible chromosomes) / total number of cells

A Level Biology (19 decks)

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