Cell Cycle Flashcards
Why are prokaryotic cells faster at cell division than eukaryotic cells?
Because they lack membrane-bound organelles and cytoskeleton
Four major phases of the cell division
G1 (Growth phase 1)
S (Synthesizing phase)
G2 (Growth phase 2)
M (Mitotic phase)
What are the three major phases of the cell division that are considered as the interphase (non-dividing phase)?
G1, S, and G2
What is the cell dividing phase?
Mitotic phase
Also known as the resting phase
G0
Phase where the cells are active and metabolically active, but not divided
G0, resting phase
State where the cell leaves the cell cycle
G0, resting phase
During the interphase, the cell:
- grows
- develops into a mature, functioning cell
- duplicates its DNA
- prepares for division
Longest phase in the interphase
Synthesis
Why is the synthesis phase the longest phase in the interphase?
Because this is where the DNA must be copied
Stage in the interphase where the cells increase in size
Gap 1, G1, Growth phase 1
Stage in the interphase where the organelles are being built
Gap 1, G1, Growth phase 1
Stage in the interphase where DNA synthesis starts
Gap 1, G1, Growth phase 1
Stage in the interphase where protein synthesis continues in preparation for the division of its nucleus
Gap 2, G2, Growth phase 2
Stage in the interphase where the cell copies its DNA in preparation for cell division
Synthesis
The period immediately after a cell divides
Gap 1, G1, Growth phase 1
Stage in the interphase where the cells prepare for the replication of the DNA
Gap 1, G1, Growth phase 1
Stage in the interphase where the cell takes inventory and makes sure it is ready to continue with mitosis
Gap 2, G2, Growth phase 2
A neuron which has lost its capability to divide as it has achieved the highest differentiation state is an example of
g0, Resting Phase
Stages that follow the interphase
Mitosis and Cytokinesis
The division of the nucleus and the genetic material
Mitosis
Four parts of the mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
During this stage, the hereditary material of the parent cell is given into the daughter cells.
Mitosis
Goal of mitosis
To distribute an identical set of genetic materials
During this stage, the cell’s nuclear membrane disintegrates, while the DNA condenses, forming two nuclei.
Mitosis
The cytoplasm and the two nuclei are distributed into the two forming daughter cells, which then physically separate.
Cytokinesis
What is the first sign of cytokinesis in an animal cell
Cleavage furrow
What is a cleavage furrow
slight indentation around the middle of the dividing cell
Cytokinesis on a plant cell must first ________
construct a new wall that separates the two daughter cells
First sign of cell wall construction
cell plate
What is a cell plate
A structure that appears at the middle of the dividing plant cell.
__________ embedded in surrounding material makes a strong, rigid wall that gives a plant cell its shape.
Cellulose fibers
These are important regulatory requirements before the cell cycle continues
Cell cycle checkpoints
Three checkpoints of the cell cycle
G1 checkpoint
G2 checkpoint
M checkpoint
Assesses the integrity of the DNA
G1 checkpoint
Assesses proper chromosome duplication
G2 checkpoint
Assesses the attachment of each kinetochore to spindle fiber
M checkpoint
Checkpoint that monitors for DNA damage, and can stop the cycle before entering the S stage of interphase
G1 checkpoint
Proteins that function to detect and repair DNA damage and prevent rapid uncontrolled cell division.
Cell cycle regulators
Regulatory subunits that do not have a catalytic function.
Cyclins
The cell synthesizes this during the cell cycle.
Cyclins
Determines whether all conditions are favorable for cell division to proceed.
G1 Checkpoint
A point at which the cell commits to the cell division process.
G1 Checkpoint
Also called the restriction point (yeasts)
G1 Checkpoint
Checks for genomic DNA damage
G1 Checkpoint
Ensures that all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged.
G2 Checkpoint
Occurs near the end of the metaphase stage of karyokinesis.
M Checkpoint
Also known as the spindle checkpoint
M Checkpoint
