Cell Cycle

Question 0

Prophase

Answer 0

Chromosomes condense and become visible; bipolar spindle develops

Question 1

Interphase

Answer 1

Nuclear envelope intact; no chromosomes visible

Question 2

Metaphase

Answer 2

Chromosomes fully condensed and located at metaphase plate

Question 3

Pro metaphase

Answer 3

Nuclear envelope dissolves, chromosomal migration, recognizable kinetochores form

Question 4

Anaphase

Answer 4

Each centromere splits; the two chromatids of each chromosome are pulled to opposite poles

Question 5

Telophase

Answer 5

Chromosomes reach poles and start to decondense; nuclear membrane reforms; cytoplasm starts to divide

Question 7

Cytokinesis

Answer 7

Cytoplasm division completed to give two daughter cells

Question 8

Factors involved in passing G1 restriction pt.

Answer 8

p27 (cip/kip) is an assembly factor for cdk4/cyclinD but also inhibits ckd2/cyclinE
Ink4 is CKI for cdk4/cyclinD
Restriction pt. is passed by RB dissociation from E2F

Question 9

Chromosome attachment to spindle pole

Answer 9

Amphitelic, Monotelic, Syntelic (1 pole to chromosomes), Merotelic (1 chromosome, 2 poles)

Question 10

Euploid

Aneuploid

Answer 10

Exact multiple of haploid set

loss or gain of whole chromosomes

Question 11

Recombination

Answer 11

Crossover between sister chromatids of different homologues, recombination decreases near centromeres, and increases near telomeres, female recombination> male recombination

Question 12

Difference in male and female meiosis

Answer 12

Puberty vs. early embryonic life, more mitoses per gamete in male, 4 vs. 1 gamete production, many more spermatids than ovums

Question 13

Abnormal Chromosomal Segregation

Answer 13

Balanced Translocation Carrier X Normal= 1 normal, 1 balanced, and 4 unbalanced
Robertsonian Translocation X Carrier= 1 normal, 1 balanced translocation + 2 trisomies + 2 monosomies
Paracentric Inversions (not include centromere)= recombinant gametes result in acentric and dicentric= multiple miscarriages, normal healthy offspring
Pericentric (includes centromere)=stable chromosomes with unbalanced DNA content, multiple miscarriages, and abnormal and normal offspring

Question 14

Cytogenetic analysis

Answer 14

Karyotyping- metaphase cells only, not high resolution, subjective assessment
FISH- make probe to gene or locus of interest, probe in excess, can be used to visualize interphase or metaphase cells, greater resolution, not good for duplications
CGH- objective, assesses copy #, can’t detected balanced rearrangements, and can’t distinguish mech.

Question 15

Cytogenetic Nomenclature

Answer 15

Dic- dicentric chromosome, Mos- mosaic, Der- derivative chromosome, +/- gain or loss of whole chromosome

Question 16

Cytoskeletal Elements
Actin

Intermediate Filaments

Microtubules

Answer 16

Monomer addition, polymerization requires ATP, Found in cell cortex (plasma membrane), necessary for movement, nuclear export

Keratin, vimentin, neurofilaments, and lamins, structural support, not easily breakable
Dimer subunity, + end is assembly, organized from centrosome/MTOC, main pathway for movement within cell, found in cilia/flagella

Question 17

Motor Proteins

Kinesins
Dyneins
Myosins

Answer 17

Composes of head domain that contains motor activity and cargo binding domain
Moves cargo toward cell peripery
Moves cargo toward center
Interacts with actin microfilaments or thin filaments to generate force