Cancer and Nomenclature Flashcards
Squamous
Squamous
Adeno
Glandular tumor
Leio
Smooth muscle tumor
Rhabdo
Skeletal muscle
Chondro
Cartilage
Osteo
Bone tumor
Carcinoma
Malignant epithelial tumor
Sarcoma
Malignant mesenchymal
Lymphoma
Malignant lymphocytic
Melanoma
Malignant melanocytic
Oma
Benign tumor
4 classes of target genes that lead to Neoplasia
Oncogenes
Tumor Surpressor
Apoptotic Regulators
DNA repair genes
Steps to Invasion and Metastasis
Invasion: Detachment of Tumor Cells, Attachment to matrix components, Degradation of the ECM, Migration of tumor cells, Receptor-mediated attachment to laminin and fibronectin
Metastasis: Intravasation, Adhesion to blood vessel endothelium, extravasation
Oncogenes
Tumor Suppressor Genes
BCL-2, Myc, c-kit, Ras, Her-2, growth factors
p53, RB, APC/beta-catenin
Chemical Carcinogenesis
Initiation- DNA damage in critical genes, irreversible
Promoter- Cell proliferation, reversible
Progression- genetic mutations accumulate
Direct Carcinogens
Indirect Acting Carcinogens
Physical Carcinogens
Microbial Carcinogens
Topoisomerase inhibitors, Alkylating agents, Nitrogen mustards
Benzopyrene, Aflatoxin B found in molds of agricultural products (in hepatocellular carcinoma)
UV light, Ionizing radiation, asbestos (interstitial fibrosis, carcinoma, mesthelioma)
Epstein- Barr virus, HPV E6, E7 (cervical carcinoma), H.pylori gastric carcinoma
Causes of Cellular Injury
Hypoxia, Free radicals, Nitrogen oxide, Lipid peroxidation
Mech.- ATP depletion, Calcium Homeostasis, DNA damage, free radicals, membrane damage
Benign
Malignant
Well differentiated, usually slow rate of growth (encapsulated by fibers), does not invade adjacent tissues, no metatasis
May be well or poorly differentiated, usually fast rate of growth, often invades adjacent tissues, can metastasize
Grading
Staging
Depicts the degree of histologic differentiation, degree of anaplasia and mitotic activity
Tumor spread, lymph node involvment, and distant metastatic spread
