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AP Biology > Cell Communication > Flashcards

Cell Communication Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is cell to cell contact

A

Cells touch
Information is given directly to the cell and that specific cell uses the information
GAP junctions

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2
Q

What is cell to cell like

A

Post it

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3
Q

What are local regulators

A

Information travels to the target cell and that specific cell uses the information
Small distance from target cell
Target cell responds and uses info
Neurons

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4
Q

What are local regulators like

A

Email

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5
Q

What is long distance signaling

A

Message goes to many cells but only some respond

Hormones

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6
Q

What is long distance like

A

Facebook

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7
Q

Example of cell to cell in animals

A

Gap junctions

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8
Q

Example of cell to cell in plants

A

Plasmodesmata

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9
Q

What are two forms of cell to cell

A

Cell junctions and cell cell recognition

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10
Q

What is the growth hormone that has lots of targets

A

Paracrine

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11
Q

What happens in Paracrine signaling

A

A secreting cell acts on nearby target cells by discharging molecules of a local regulator into the extra cellular fluid

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12
Q

What molecules are discharged from a local regulator

A

Growth factors

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13
Q

What is synaptic signaling

A

Nerve cell releases neurotransmitter into a synapse, stimulating the target cell

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14
Q

Why must nerve cells communicate

A

Pain signals to muscle cells for muscles to initiate response

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15
Q

What is hormonal signaling

A

Specialized endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often the blood.
May not reach all body cells

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16
Q

What is long distance signaling

A

Cells of something multicellular communicate via chemical messengers

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17
Q

Types of local regulators

A

Paracrine and synaptic

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18
Q

What is hormonal signaling

A

Long distance

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19
Q

What is a hormone

A

A chemical released by a cell in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism

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20
Q

What kinds of organisms produce hormones

A

Multi cellular

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21
Q

What are plant hormones called

A

Phytohormones

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22
Q

How are hormones in animals often transported

A

In the blood

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23
Q

What does the signal transduction pathway do

A

Converts signals on a cell’s surface into cellular responses

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24
Q

How are signals and responses in microbes and mammals related

A

Similar

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25
Q

Who came up with STP

A

Earl w. Sutherland

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26
Q

Three stages of cell signaling

A

Reception
Transduction
Response

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27
Q

What is the reception phase

A

Detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell

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28
Q

What is the transduction phase

A

Convert signal to a form that can bring about a cellular response

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29
Q

Detail reception

A

Signal molecule binds to a receptor protein, causing it to change shape
On cell surface

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30
Q

What is bonded in protein

A

Ligand

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31
Q

2 types of receptors

A

Plasma membrane

Intracellular

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32
Q

What is a plasma membrane acceptor

A 
Water soluble ligand
Non steroid hormones
Epinephrine
Growth factors
Neurotransmitters
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33
Q

What are Intracellular receptors

A 
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Hydrophobic or small Luganda
Control gene expression 
Thyroid hormone
Steroid hormones
Testosterone
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34
Q

Shape of G-protein coupled receptor

A

7 alpha helix es

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35
Q

What is G proteins like

A

small ATP

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36
Q

What is in transduction

A

Cascades

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37
Q

What are cascades

A

Molecular interactions relay signals from receptors to target molecules

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38
Q

What is protein kinase

A

Enzyme that phosphorylates and activates proteins at the next level

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39
Q

What is phosphorylation cascade

A

Enhance and amplify signal

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40
Q

What are second messengers

A

Small no protein molecules or joins that can relay signal inside cell

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41
Q

Examples of second messengers

A

Cyclic AMP
Calcium ions
Inositol triphosphate

42
Q

What is cAMP

A

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

43
Q

What is the response

A

Regulate protein synthesis by turning genes on and off in the nucleus
Regulate activity of proteins in cytoplasm

44
Q

What is gene expression

A

Genes on and off in nucleus

45
Q

Defective STP

A 
Diabetes
Cholera
Auto immune disease
Cancer
Neurotoxins
Poison
Pesticide
Drugs
Anesthetics
Antihistamines
Blood pressure mess
46
Q

What is cholera

A

Disease acquired by drinking water contaminated by human feces where bacteria colonized lining of small intestine and produces toxin

47
Q

What is vibrio

A

Comma or s shaped

48
Q

What does the cholera toxin do

A

Modifies G protein involved in regulating salt and water secretion
G protein stuck in active form
Intestines secrete water and salts
Person has diarrhea and dies from loss of water and salts

49
Q

What is apoptosis

A

Cell suicide

Cell dismantled and digested

50
Q

What is apoptosis triggered by

A

Signals that activate cascade of suicide proteins

51
Q

What is the cascade of suicide proteins

A

Cascade

52
Q

What can apoptosis be triggered by

A

Extracellular death signaling ligand
DNA damage in nucleus
Protein mis folding in ER

53
Q

Why apoptosis

A

Protect neighboring cells from damage

Animal development and maintenance

54
Q

What is apoptosis possibly involved in

A

Parkinson’s

Alzheimer’s

55
Q

What is a bleb

A

The lobe formed by the white blood cell undergoing apoptosis

56
Q

Another example of cell to cell

A

Antigens

Immune response

57
Q

What is an antigen and what does it do

A

Invader - bacteria or virus

58
Q

Why can’t neurotransmitters flow out

A

They would break down

59
Q

What does the gap do

A

Gives control of signal

60
Q

What are beta endorphins

A

Opiates
Block pain
Secretes neurotransmitters
Heroin, morphine

61
Q

Long distance messaging in puberty

A

Pituitary

62
Q

What does long distance do

A

Reduces liver uptake of glucose
Organs grow, not brain
Immune response

63
Q

Who was Robert wadlow

A

Pituitary giant

Tumors pushed on pituitary gland, increased growth to 8 ft

64
Q

What is symbiosis

A

Living together

65
Q

What is vibrio fisheri

A

Bacteria that bioluminesces on the Hawaiian bobtail squid

66
Q

What does the squid do

A

Adjusts to light to blend in and feeds bacteria polysaccharides, giving it a place to live

67
Q

What is epinephrine linked to

A

Glycogen breakdown

68
Q

Where do vibrio fisheri live

A

Eye pouch

69
Q

Two types of bacteria

A

Planktonic and colonial

70
Q

Planktonic

A

Alone, don’t glow

71
Q

Colonial

A

Together they glow

72
Q

What is quorum sensing

A

One bacteria gives off auto inducers (proteins) which diffuse
More bacteria come and auto inducers are picked up

73
Q

What is STP

A

Series of reactions that cause an action

Make protein, transcribe gene,

74
Q

What is luciferase

A

Enzyme that breaks down luciferase to glow - firefly,

diffuses, cascade, feedback

75
Q

Endochrine system

A

Adrenal gland on kidneys
Center. Adrenal medulla
Gets message from brain, flight or fight
Releases epinephrine

76
Q

Where is STP found

A

All cells

77
Q

Dangerous neurotoxin

A

Tetrodotoxin

78
Q

What does tetrodotoxin do

A

Affects sodium channels in nerves, shuts down

79
Q

What does anthrax do

A 
Travels in spores
Feeds on lungs
Produces toxin
Targets adenylyl Cyclades
Changes shape of protein, can't make cAMP
80
Q

What is the glucose transporter

A

GLUT

81
Q

What does GLUT do

A

Takes in glucose, stores as glycogen or uses

82
Q

Type 1 diabetes

A

No insulin

83
Q

Type 2

A

Insulin receptor not docking

84
Q

Three types of cell signaling

A

Cell to cell contact
Local regulators
Long distance signaling

85
Q

Types of STP

A

Protein modification

Phosphorylation cascade

86
Q

Basic path of messenger

A

Docks in Receptor
Transduction
Secondary messengers
Cell targets

87
Q

Example of receptor

A

G protein

88
Q

What is transduction

A

Signal outside the cell changed to signal inside the cell

89
Q

Example of secondary messenger

A

CAMP

90
Q

Example of cell targets

A

Liver cells making glucose from glycogen

91
Q

Process of epinephrine in liver cell

A

Epinephrine docks with G protein receptor
Causes conformational change, changing shape
Alpha subunit released to adenylyl Cyclase protein, activating it
Protein converts ATP to cAMP
Camp attaches to protein kinase, regulatory separates off and activates catalytic
Catalytic gains energy from ATP
Activate phosphorylase
Release glucose from glycogen

92
Q

What does epinephrine do

A

Comes from adrenal glands
Messenger
Spreads throughout body, mostly used in liver
Ligand

93
Q

What is a ligand

A

Chemical that can’t pass through membrane

94
Q

What is G protein

A

Snaky, embedded in membrane, some on top some on bottom, bottom has units

95
Q

Structure of protein kinase

A

2 catalytic subunits, 2 regulatory subunits

96
Q

When ligand detaches

A

Process shuts down

97
Q

What happens in the immune response

A

Macrophage envelopes antigen
Puts it in phagosome bubble with lysosomes attached
Lysosomes pours in digestive fluids to break antigen into pieces
Mch2 brings shape to surface
Links with cd4 on surface of helper T cell
Activates helper T cell with shape
Activates B cell to make antibodies and memory cells
Activates killer T cell to kill cells with that shape

98
Q

What happens with G protein coupled receptor

A

7 transmembrane alpha helix segments in membrane
G protein and GTP activates enzyme to produce cell response
GDP switched out for GTP

99
Q

What happens with tyrosine kinase

A

Attaches phosphate to tyrosine
Activates multiple responses
Needs 2 signal molecules
Six times the reaction

100
Q

What is the ligand gated ion channels

A 
Signal on receptor changes shape
Regulate flow of specific ions
Calcium and sodium
Happens in muscle cells
Sodium potassium pump
101
Q

What happens with testosterone and steroid hormones

A

Steroid passes through membrane
Binds to receptor in cytoplasm
Hormone receptor complex enters the nucleus and binds to specific genes
Bound protein stimulates transcription of the gene into mRNA
MRNA translated into specific protein

102
Q

Phosphorylation cascade

A

Protein kinases pass phosphate along

AP Biology (4 decks)

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