Book Resp And Photo Flashcards
1
Q
What does photosynthesis generate
A
Oxygen and organic molecules for cellular respiration
2
Q
What does cell resp turn organic material into
A
ATP
3
Q
What are the waste products for respiration
A
Water and carbon dioxide
4
Q
What are the raw materials of photosynthesis
A
Carbon dioxide and water
5
Q
What molecule drives most cellular work
A
ATP
6
Q
What are catabolic pathways
A
Metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking Down complex molecules
7
Q
Why do organic compounds possess potential energy
A
Their arrangement of atoms
8
Q
What compounds can participate in exergonic reactions
A
Those that can act as fuels
9
Q
What do cells do to organic molecules
A
Simplify them to waste products with less energy
10
Q
What is fermentation
A
The partial degradation of sugars without the use of oxygen
11
Q
What is aerobic respiration
A
Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel
Partial degradation of sugars
12
Q
What cells carry out aerobic respiration
A
Most eukaryotes
Many prokaryotes
13
Q
What is anaerobic respiration
A
When prokaryotes use substances other than oxygen as reactants
Similar to aerobic
No oxygen
14
Q
Summary of respiration
A
Organic compounds + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + energy
15
Q
What is the chemical equation of respiration
A
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy(ATP and heat)
16
Q
Is glucose used in all cells
A
No, most
17
Q
Is respiration endergonic or exergonic
A
Exergonic
18
Q
What is the change in free energy of cellular respiration
A
-686 kcal/mol
19
Q
Definition of exergonic
A
Products store less energy than the reactants, no input of energy needed
Spontaneous
20
Q
What do you call the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another
A
Oxidation reduction reactions/redox
21
Q
What is oxidation
A
The loss of electrons from one substance
22
Q
What is reduction
A
The addition of electrons to another substance
23
Q
What is the reducing agent in an equation
A
The one that gives an electron
24
Q
What is the oxidizing agent
A
It is the electron acceptor
25
Are oxidation and reduction ever separate
No
26
Do redox reactions always entail complete moving of electrons
No
27
The more electronegativity of the atom....the ___ energy is required to take an electron away from it
More
28
An electron loses potential energy when
It shifts from a less electronegative atom to a more electronegative oneu7y6
29
What is respiration as compared to glucose
The oxidation of glucose
30
Which molecules are becoming oxidized in respiration
glucose to carbon dioxide
31
Which molecules become reduced in respiration
Oxygen to water
32
Fuel is ___ oxygen is _____
Oxidized
| Reduced
33
What is released after a redox reaction
Energy
34
When the electron goes from low to high electronegativity what happens to the energy
The electron releases energy
35
Low to high electronegativity means what
No energy required because goes to molecules that want electrons
36
Does cell respiration move fast or in steps and how
In steps catalyzed by enzyme
37
How do electrons travel
With a proton
| As a hydrogen atom
38
Why are hydrogen atoms not transferred directly to oxygen
Passed to an electron carrier
| Coenzyme NAD+
39
What does NAD+ function as
An electron acceptor
| An oxidizing agent during respiration
40
What happens essentially in glycolysis
Six carbon sugar, glucose, split into two three carbon sugars
Small sugars oxidized and remaining atoms rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate
41
What are the two phases of glycolysis
Energy investment and energy payoff
42
What happens in the energy investment stage, essentially
Cell spends ATP
43
When is the ATP investment replaced
With interest during the energy payoff phase
44
What happens in the energy payoff stage
ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation and NAD+ is reduced to NADH by electrons released from the oxidation of glucose
45
What is the net energy yield from glycolysis
2 ATP and 2 NADH
46
What is not released during glycolysis
CO2
47
First ATP is
Activation energy
48
ATP to ADP means what kind of reaction
Endergonic because you think of it from the point of view of the glucose
49
What is the second ATP for
Symmetry
| Allosteric affector
50
What enzyme is used with the second ATP
Phosphofructokinase
51
What is allosterically regulated by ATP
Phosphofructokinase
52
What does the glucose get split into
DHP
| G3P
53
Do we want DHP or G3P
G3P
54
What happens to DHP
Isomerase switches it into a G3P
55
Where does the energy investment phase end
2 G3Ps
56
First step of energy payoff stage
Sugar is oxidized by transfer of electrons and H+ to NAD+, forming NADH
57
What kind of reaction is it when NADH is made
Exergonic
58
What is released energy from making NADH used for
Attach a phosphate group to the substrate
59
In which step is water released
9
60
Net from glycolysis
```
2 ATP
2 Pyruvate
2 H2O
2 NADH
2 H+
```
61
Intermediate step
Pyruvate enters mitochondrion
Converted to acetyl Co-A
CO2 given off
2 NADH made
62
What does the Kreb's cycle yield
```
Water
6 NADH
4 CO2
2 ATP
2 FADH2
CoA
```
63
What does the Kreb's cycle regenerate
Oxaloacetate
64
What does energy in organic molecules come from
The sun
65
Prosthetic group
Nonprotein components essential for the catalytic functions of certain enzymes
66
who takes the electrons to the electron transport chain
NADH
67
What is the first molecule of the electron transport chain
Flavoprotein
| Prosthetic group flavin mono nucleotide
68
What is a cytochrome
Proteins - The remaining electron carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen
69
What prosthetic group do cytochromes have
Heme
70
Where do electrons go
Oxygen to form water
71
What is the other source of electrons besides NAD+
FADH2
72
Which provides more energy FADH2 or NADH
NADH
73
What is ATP synthase
The enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
74
What does ATP synthase do
Uses the energy of an existing ion gradient to power ATP synthesis
75
What is the power source for ATP synthase
The difference in the concentration of hydrogen ions on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane
76
What else can you think of as the power source for ATP synthase
pH difference
77
What is chemiosmosis
When energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive ATP synthesis
78
How do protons fuel ATP synthase
protons move through, causing it to spin and catalyze ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
79
What is after kreb's cycle
Oxidative phosphorylation
80
What are the parts of oxidative phosphorylation
Electron transport chain
| Chemiosmosis
81
What is a proton motive force
The proton gradient resulting from electron transport chain
82
Another definition for chemiosmosis
An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a proton gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work
83
How many ATP are made total
36-38
84
Where is most of the ATP in cellular respiration from
Oxidative phosphorylation
85
What happens in anaerobic respiration
Electron transport chain, no oxygen as final electron acceptor
H2S is produced instead of water
86
What is fermentation
Harvesting energy without oxygen or the electron transport chain
87
What does oxidation refer to
Loss of electrons to an electron acceptor
88
What is the oxidizing agent of glycolysis
NAD+
89
Fermentation as compared to glycolysis
An expansion
90
What is photosynthesis
The process of light energy converting to chemical energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules
91
What is an autotrophs
Sustains itself without eating anything derived from other living beings
92
What do autotrophs do
Produce their organic molecules from carbon dioxide and other inorganic raw materials gained from the invironment
Producers
93
What do plants require
Water
Minerals from the soil
Carbon dioxide
94
What are plants specifically
Photoautotrophs
95
What is a Photoautotrophs
Organism that uses light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances
96
Where all does photosynthesis occur
Plants, algae, some protists, some prokaryotes
97
What is a heterotrophs
They live on compounds produced by other organisms
98
What parts of the plant have chloroplasts
All the green parts
99
Which part of the plant has the most photosynthesis
Leaf
100
Why are plants green
Chlorophyll
101
What is chlorophyll
Green pigment located in chloroplasts
102
What drives the synthesis of organic molecules in chloroplast
Light absorbed by chlorophyll
103
Where are chloroplasts mainly found
The mesophyll
104
What is the mesophyll
The tissue in the interior of the leaf
105
Where do carbon dioxide and oxygen enter and exit
Stomata
106
What are stomata
Microscopic pores
107
What is the stroma
A dense fluid within the chloroplast
108
What encases the storm
Two membranes
109
What is a thalloid
An elaborate system of interconnected membranous sacs
110
What do thlakoid do
Separate stroma from the thylakoids space
111
What are grana
Stacks of thylakoids
112
Where does chlorophyll reside
Thylakoids membranes
113
Chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy --> C6H1206 + 6O2
114
Where is the oxygen given off by plants from
Water
115
What does the chloroplast do to water
Splits it into hydrogen and oxygen
116
Is photosynthesis a redox reaction
Yes
117
Photosynthesis as a redox process
Water is split, electrons and protons from water are transferred to carbon dioxide, reducing it to sugar
118
Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic
Endergonic
119
What is light energy turned to
ATP and NADPH
120
What kind of energy is light
Electromagnetic
121
What is a wavelength
The distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves
122
What is the electromagnetic spectrum
The entire range of radiation
123
What is a photon
Discrete particles of light
124
How are wavelength and photon energy related
Inverse
125
Which light is faster Violet or red
Violet
126
What are pigments
Substances that absorb visible light
127
What happens to absorbed light
It disappears
128
What happens if a pigment absorbs all wavelengths
It is black
129
What is a spectrophotometer
An instrument that measures the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light
130
What is an absorption spectrum
A graph plotting a pigment's light absorption versus wavelength
131
What colors of light are the best for photosynthesis
Violet-blue and red
132
What is the action spectrum for photosynthesis
Profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving the process
133
What are three pigments of chloroplasts
Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids
134
What does chlorophyll b absorb
Red and blue
135
What do carotenoids absorb
Violet and blue-green
136
What is the role of carotenoids
Photo protection
137
What is Photoprotection
Absorb and dissipate excessive light energy
138
What happens when a molecule absorbs a photon of light?
One of the molecule's electrons is elevated to an orbital where it has more potential energy
139
When the electron is in its normal orbital what is it said to be
In a ground state
140
What is a high energy state
Excited state
141
Which photons are absorbed
Those whose energy state is exactly equal to to the energy difference between the ground state and an excited state
142
What happens to electrons in the excited state
They drop back down and release excess energy as heat and sometimes light and photons are given off
143
What is the afterglow of photons being released called
Fluorescence
144
What is a photo system
Composed of a protein complex called a reaction-center complex surrounded by several light-harvesting complexes
145
What does the reaction center complex contain
Pair of chlorophyll a molecules
146
What does a light harvesting complex consist of
Pigment molecules bound to proteins
147
What is a primary electron acceptor
Molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced
| Reaction center complex
148
Chlorophyll b is what
An accessory pigment
149
What can chlorophyll a do
The only one that can give an electron to the primary electron acceptor
150
What is the first step of light reactions
The solar powered transfer of an electron from the reaction center chlorophyll a to the primary electron acceptor
151
What kind of reaction happens when the primary electron acceptor captures a high energy electron
Redox
152
What happens to isolated chlorophyll
It fluoresces because there is no electron acceptor
153
What is linear electron flow
Flow of electrons through the photo systems and other molecular components built into the thylakoids membrane
Occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis
154
What ends the waving of electrons
Chlorophyll a
155
What is the name of chlorophyll a
P680
156
What is the name of chlorophyll a in the reaction center complex of photosystem 1
P700
157
Where does the electron from P680 go to
to the primary electron acceptor
158
What does P680 become once it loses the electron
P680+
159
What happens after the electron goes to the primary electron acceptor
Water is split by an enzyme
Electrons replace those lost from P680
Water is made
160
What happens to the electron in the primary electron acceptor
Goes from photosystem II to photosystem I via electron transport chain
Throws protons to the proton gradient
161
What happens when the electron falls from the electron transport chain in the photo systems
Provides energy for the synthesis of ATP
162
What happened with P700
Light energy was transferred via light harvesting complex pigments to the photosystem 1 reaction center complex, exciting an electron of P700
Electron goes to primary electron acceptor
P700+
163
What happens to photo excited electrons
Passed in redox reactions from primary electron acceptor of photosystem one to a second electron transport chain through ferredoxin
164
What does ferredoxin do
NADP+ reductive catalyze 2 electrons from ferredoxin to NADP+
It turns to NADPH - electrons ready for Calvin cycle
165
What is cyclic electron flow
Photosystem I is used only
Electrons cycle back from ferredoxin to the cytochrome complex and continue on to P700
No NADPH
No release of oxygen
166
When is cyclic used
To make more ATP
167
How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP
Chemiosmosis
168
The carriers in an electron transport chain are progressively more
Electronegative
169
What do electron transport chains do with redox energy
Turn it to a proton-motive force
170
Where are electrons from in mitochondria
Organic molecules
171
Where are electrons from in chloroplasts
Water
172
What happens to pH when proton concentrations increases
Drops
173
What kind of I s the Calvin cycle
Anabolic
174
What are the start and end products of the Calvin cycle
Carbon dioxide to sugar
175
What does the Calvin cycle use
ATP and NADPH
176
What is NADPH used for
Reducing power for adding high energy electrons to make sugar
177
What does the Calvin cycle produce
G3P
178
How many times of the Calvin cycle does it take for one G3P
Three times from three carbon dioxides
179
What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle
Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration of the carbon dioxide acceptor
180
What happens in the carbon fixation step
Carbon dioxide enters one at a time
Attaches to rubp (five carbon sugar) catalyze do by rubisco
Six carbon molecule splits into two three carbon sugars
181
What happens in the reduction stage
Each three carbon molecule gets a phosphate from ATP
NADPH reduces it by donating a pair of electrons and a phosphate group
Now it's G3P
182
For every three carbon dioxides there are
6 G3Ps
183
How many G3Ps are recycled or are released
5
| 1
184
What is regeneration of the carbon dioxide acceptor
5 G3P rearranged to form three RuBP
| 3 ATP spent
185
Where will the G3P go
Glucose and carbohydrates
186
What are normal plants
C3 plants
187
What is photo respiration
The process of using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide
Does not produce ATP
Consumes ATP
Does not produce sugar
188
What does photorespiration do
Protects the plant from harmful light reactions
| Drains the carbon dioxide
189
What are C4 plants
Preface the Calvin cycle so it produces a four carbon compound
190
Two types of cells in c4 plants
Bundle sheath and mesophyll
191
What is a bundle sheath cell
Arranged in tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf
Where Calvin cycle takes place
192
What are the mesophyll cells
Between bundle sheath and leaf surface
| Loosely arranged
193
What is pep carboxylate
Enzyme that adds carbon dioxide to form the four carbon product
Only in mesophyll cells
194
What do C4 cells not have
Photosystem II
195
Where are c4 plants
Hot with intense sunlight
| Stomata closes during the day
196
Purpose of pep carboxylase
Can fix carbon even when there is less carbon dioxide and more oxygen
197
What happens after carbon is fixed
Four carbons are taken to bundle sheath cells
Four carbons release carbon dioxide Which goes to Calvin cycle
Pyruvate made and goes to mesophyll cells
198
Purpose of C4 plants
So nutrients do not evaporate
Minimizes photorespiration
Enhances sugar production
Stores CO2 during the night
199
What are cam plants
Plants open their stomata during the night and close them during the day
Conserve water
Prevents carbon dioxide from entering
Succulent plants
200
Difference between c4 and cam
C4 changes carbon cycle
| Cam keeps the Calvin cycle the same
201
How does NAD+ trap electrons
Dehydrogenases remove a pair of hydrogen atoms from the substrate (glucose) and oxidize it
Delivers 2 electrons and a proton to NAD+
The other proton is released
NAD+ becomes NADH
202
What kind of reaction is the transfer of electrons from NADH to oxygen
Exergonic
203
Path of electron
Glucose - NADH - electron transport chain - oxygen
204
Oxidative phosphorylation
Cell respiration
205
Two stages of photosynthesis
Light reactions
| Calvin cycle
206
What is the difference between between anaerobic and fermentation
Whether an electron chain is present
207
In anaerobic respiration
Yes electron transport chain
Oxygen not final electron acceptor
Sulfate instead
Produces H2S
208
Type of anaerobic
Marine bacteria
209
What is fermentation not have
Oxygen and electron transport chain
210
What happens in fermentation
Glycolysis oxidizes glucose to pyruvate, agent is NAD+
| Exergonic
211
What do reactions added to glycolysis do
Regenerate NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate
212
How many ATP in fermentation
2
213
What is alcohol fermentation
Pyruvate converted to ethanol
CO2 removed from pyruvate, then reduced by NADH to ethanol
Carried out by bacteria
214
What is lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvate reduced by NADH to form lactate
No CO2 released
Fungi and bacteria and human muscle cells making ATP
215
What is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons from food during glycolysis
NAD+
216
What is an obligate anaerobe
Carry out fermentation or anaerobic
| Cannot survive in presence of oxygen
217
What are facultative anaerobes
Yeasts and bacteria
| Make enough ATP to survive using either ermentation or respiration
218
What happens to amino acids before entering the process
Amino groups are removed - deamination
| Enter at end of glycolysis til kreb's
219
What is beta oxidation
Breaks fatty acids down to two carbon fragments, which enter as acetyl coA
220
Which fat enters as G3P
Glycerol
221
What else is generated during beta oxidation
NADH and FADH2
222
What happens in biosynthesis
Anabolic pathways
| Body uses intermediates and hydrolysis of proteins to build
223
What is switched off to regulate ATP synthesis
Anabolic pathways
224
What is feedback inhibition
The end product of the anabolic pathway inhibits the enzyme that catalyze a an early step of the pathway
225
What happens if ATP concentration drops
Respiration speeds up
