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Book Resp And Photo Flashcards

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1
Q

What does photosynthesis generate

A

Oxygen and organic molecules for cellular respiration

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2
Q

What does cell resp turn organic material into

A

ATP

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3
Q

What are the waste products for respiration

A

Water and carbon dioxide

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4
Q

What are the raw materials of photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide and water

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5
Q

What molecule drives most cellular work

A

ATP

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6
Q

What are catabolic pathways

A

Metabolic pathways that release stored energy by breaking Down complex molecules

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7
Q

Why do organic compounds possess potential energy

A

Their arrangement of atoms

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8
Q

What compounds can participate in exergonic reactions

A

Those that can act as fuels

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9
Q

What do cells do to organic molecules

A

Simplify them to waste products with less energy

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10
Q

What is fermentation

A

The partial degradation of sugars without the use of oxygen

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11
Q

What is aerobic respiration

A

Oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel

Partial degradation of sugars

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12
Q

What cells carry out aerobic respiration

A

Most eukaryotes

Many prokaryotes

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13
Q

What is anaerobic respiration

A

When prokaryotes use substances other than oxygen as reactants
Similar to aerobic
No oxygen

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14
Q

Summary of respiration

A

Organic compounds + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water + energy

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15
Q

What is the chemical equation of respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy(ATP and heat)

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16
Q

Is glucose used in all cells

A

No, most

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17
Q

Is respiration endergonic or exergonic

A

Exergonic

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18
Q

What is the change in free energy of cellular respiration

A

-686 kcal/mol

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19
Q

Definition of exergonic

A

Products store less energy than the reactants, no input of energy needed
Spontaneous

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20
Q

What do you call the transfer of electrons from one reactant to another

A

Oxidation reduction reactions/redox

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21
Q

What is oxidation

A

The loss of electrons from one substance

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22
Q

What is reduction

A

The addition of electrons to another substance

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23
Q

What is the reducing agent in an equation

A

The one that gives an electron

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24
Q

What is the oxidizing agent

A

It is the electron acceptor

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25
Q

Are oxidation and reduction ever separate

A

No

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26
Q

Do redox reactions always entail complete moving of electrons

A

No

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27
Q

The more electronegativity of the atom….the ___ energy is required to take an electron away from it

A

More

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28
Q

An electron loses potential energy when

A

It shifts from a less electronegative atom to a more electronegative oneu7y6

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29
Q

What is respiration as compared to glucose

A

The oxidation of glucose

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30
Q

Which molecules are becoming oxidized in respiration

A

glucose to carbon dioxide

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31
Q

Which molecules become reduced in respiration

A

Oxygen to water

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32
Q

Fuel is ___ oxygen is _____

A

Oxidized

Reduced

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33
Q

What is released after a redox reaction

A

Energy

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34
Q

When the electron goes from low to high electronegativity what happens to the energy

A

The electron releases energy

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35
Q

Low to high electronegativity means what

A

No energy required because goes to molecules that want electrons

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36
Q

Does cell respiration move fast or in steps and how

A

In steps catalyzed by enzyme

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37
Q

How do electrons travel

A

With a proton

As a hydrogen atom

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38
Q

Why are hydrogen atoms not transferred directly to oxygen

A

Passed to an electron carrier

Coenzyme NAD+

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39
Q

What does NAD+ function as

A

An electron acceptor

An oxidizing agent during respiration

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40
Q

What happens essentially in glycolysis

A

Six carbon sugar, glucose, split into two three carbon sugars
Small sugars oxidized and remaining atoms rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate

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41
Q

What are the two phases of glycolysis

A

Energy investment and energy payoff

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42
Q

What happens in the energy investment stage, essentially

A

Cell spends ATP

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43
Q

When is the ATP investment replaced

A

With interest during the energy payoff phase

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44
Q

What happens in the energy payoff stage

A

ATP is produced by substrate-level phosphorylation and NAD+ is reduced to NADH by electrons released from the oxidation of glucose

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45
Q

What is the net energy yield from glycolysis

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH

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46
Q

What is not released during glycolysis

A

CO2

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47
Q

First ATP is

A

Activation energy

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48
Q

ATP to ADP means what kind of reaction

A

Endergonic because you think of it from the point of view of the glucose

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49
Q

What is the second ATP for

A

Symmetry

Allosteric affector

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50
Q

What enzyme is used with the second ATP

A

Phosphofructokinase

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51
Q

What is allosterically regulated by ATP

A

Phosphofructokinase

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52
Q

What does the glucose get split into

A

DHP

G3P

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53
Q

Do we want DHP or G3P

A

G3P

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54
Q

What happens to DHP

A

Isomerase switches it into a G3P

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55
Q

Where does the energy investment phase end

A

2 G3Ps

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56
Q

First step of energy payoff stage

A

Sugar is oxidized by transfer of electrons and H+ to NAD+, forming NADH

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57
Q

What kind of reaction is it when NADH is made

A

Exergonic

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58
Q

What is released energy from making NADH used for

A

Attach a phosphate group to the substrate

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59
Q

In which step is water released

A

9

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60
Q

Net from glycolysis

A 
2 ATP
2 Pyruvate
2 H2O
2 NADH
2 H+
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61
Q

Intermediate step

A

Pyruvate enters mitochondrion
Converted to acetyl Co-A
CO2 given off
2 NADH made

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62
Q

What does the Kreb’s cycle yield

A 
Water
6 NADH
4 CO2
2 ATP
2 FADH2
CoA
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63
Q

What does the Kreb’s cycle regenerate

A

Oxaloacetate

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64
Q

What does energy in organic molecules come from

A

The sun

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65
Q

Prosthetic group

A

Nonprotein components essential for the catalytic functions of certain enzymes

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66
Q

who takes the electrons to the electron transport chain

A

NADH

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67
Q

What is the first molecule of the electron transport chain

A

Flavoprotein

Prosthetic group flavin mono nucleotide

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68
Q

What is a cytochrome

A

Proteins - The remaining electron carriers between ubiquinone and oxygen

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69
Q

What prosthetic group do cytochromes have

A

Heme

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70
Q

Where do electrons go

A

Oxygen to form water

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71
Q

What is the other source of electrons besides NAD+

A

FADH2

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72
Q

Which provides more energy FADH2 or NADH

A

NADH

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73
Q

What is ATP synthase

A

The enzyme that makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

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74
Q

What does ATP synthase do

A

Uses the energy of an existing ion gradient to power ATP synthesis

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75
Q

What is the power source for ATP synthase

A

The difference in the concentration of hydrogen ions on opposite sides of the inner mitochondrial membrane

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76
Q

What else can you think of as the power source for ATP synthase

A

pH difference

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77
Q

What is chemiosmosis

A

When energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane is used to drive ATP synthesis

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78
Q

How do protons fuel ATP synthase

A

protons move through, causing it to spin and catalyze ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

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79
Q

What is after kreb’s cycle

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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80
Q

What are the parts of oxidative phosphorylation

A

Electron transport chain

Chemiosmosis

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81
Q

What is a proton motive force

A

The proton gradient resulting from electron transport chain

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82
Q

Another definition for chemiosmosis

A

An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a proton gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work

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83
Q

How many ATP are made total

A

36-38

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84
Q

Where is most of the ATP in cellular respiration from

A

Oxidative phosphorylation

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85
Q

What happens in anaerobic respiration

A

Electron transport chain, no oxygen as final electron acceptor
H2S is produced instead of water

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86
Q

What is fermentation

A

Harvesting energy without oxygen or the electron transport chain

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87
Q

What does oxidation refer to

A

Loss of electrons to an electron acceptor

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88
Q

What is the oxidizing agent of glycolysis

A

NAD+

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89
Q

Fermentation as compared to glycolysis

A

An expansion

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90
Q

What is photosynthesis

A

The process of light energy converting to chemical energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules

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91
Q

What is an autotrophs

A

Sustains itself without eating anything derived from other living beings

92
Q

What do autotrophs do

A

Produce their organic molecules from carbon dioxide and other inorganic raw materials gained from the invironment
Producers

93
Q

What do plants require

A

Water
Minerals from the soil
Carbon dioxide

94
Q

What are plants specifically

A

Photoautotrophs

95
Q

What is a Photoautotrophs

A

Organism that uses light as a source of energy to synthesize organic substances

96
Q

Where all does photosynthesis occur

A

Plants, algae, some protists, some prokaryotes

97
Q

What is a heterotrophs

A

They live on compounds produced by other organisms

98
Q

What parts of the plant have chloroplasts

A

All the green parts

99
Q

Which part of the plant has the most photosynthesis

A

Leaf

100
Q

Why are plants green

A

Chlorophyll

101
Q

What is chlorophyll

A

Green pigment located in chloroplasts

102
Q

What drives the synthesis of organic molecules in chloroplast

A

Light absorbed by chlorophyll

103
Q

Where are chloroplasts mainly found

A

The mesophyll

104
Q

What is the mesophyll

A

The tissue in the interior of the leaf

105
Q

Where do carbon dioxide and oxygen enter and exit

A

Stomata

106
Q

What are stomata

A

Microscopic pores

107
Q

What is the stroma

A

A dense fluid within the chloroplast

108
Q

What encases the storm

A

Two membranes

109
Q

What is a thalloid

A

An elaborate system of interconnected membranous sacs

110
Q

What do thlakoid do

A

Separate stroma from the thylakoids space

111
Q

What are grana

A

Stacks of thylakoids

112
Q

Where does chlorophyll reside

A

Thylakoids membranes

113
Q

Chemical equation for photosynthesis

A

6CO2 + 6H2O + light energy –> C6H1206 + 6O2

114
Q

Where is the oxygen given off by plants from

A

Water

115
Q

What does the chloroplast do to water

A

Splits it into hydrogen and oxygen

116
Q

Is photosynthesis a redox reaction

A

Yes

117
Q

Photosynthesis as a redox process

A

Water is split, electrons and protons from water are transferred to carbon dioxide, reducing it to sugar

118
Q

Is photosynthesis endergonic or exergonic

A

Endergonic

119
Q

What is light energy turned to

A

ATP and NADPH

120
Q

What kind of energy is light

A

Electromagnetic

121
Q

What is a wavelength

A

The distance between the crests of electromagnetic waves

122
Q

What is the electromagnetic spectrum

A

The entire range of radiation

123
Q

What is a photon

A

Discrete particles of light

124
Q

How are wavelength and photon energy related

A

Inverse

125
Q

Which light is faster Violet or red

A

Violet

126
Q

What are pigments

A

Substances that absorb visible light

127
Q

What happens to absorbed light

A

It disappears

128
Q

What happens if a pigment absorbs all wavelengths

A

It is black

129
Q

What is a spectrophotometer

A

An instrument that measures the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light

130
Q

What is an absorption spectrum

A

A graph plotting a pigment’s light absorption versus wavelength

131
Q

What colors of light are the best for photosynthesis

A

Violet-blue and red

132
Q

What is the action spectrum for photosynthesis

A

Profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving the process

133
Q

What are three pigments of chloroplasts

A

Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids

134
Q

What does chlorophyll b absorb

A

Red and blue

135
Q

What do carotenoids absorb

A

Violet and blue-green

136
Q

What is the role of carotenoids

A

Photo protection

137
Q

What is Photoprotection

A

Absorb and dissipate excessive light energy

138
Q

What happens when a molecule absorbs a photon of light?

A

One of the molecule’s electrons is elevated to an orbital where it has more potential energy

139
Q

When the electron is in its normal orbital what is it said to be

A

In a ground state

140
Q

What is a high energy state

A

Excited state

141
Q

Which photons are absorbed

A

Those whose energy state is exactly equal to to the energy difference between the ground state and an excited state

142
Q

What happens to electrons in the excited state

A

They drop back down and release excess energy as heat and sometimes light and photons are given off

143
Q

What is the afterglow of photons being released called

A

Fluorescence

144
Q

What is a photo system

A

Composed of a protein complex called a reaction-center complex surrounded by several light-harvesting complexes

145
Q

What does the reaction center complex contain

A

Pair of chlorophyll a molecules

146
Q

What does a light harvesting complex consist of

A

Pigment molecules bound to proteins

147
Q

What is a primary electron acceptor

A

Molecule capable of accepting electrons and becoming reduced

Reaction center complex

148
Q

Chlorophyll b is what

A

An accessory pigment

149
Q

What can chlorophyll a do

A

The only one that can give an electron to the primary electron acceptor

150
Q

What is the first step of light reactions

A

The solar powered transfer of an electron from the reaction center chlorophyll a to the primary electron acceptor

151
Q

What kind of reaction happens when the primary electron acceptor captures a high energy electron

A

Redox

152
Q

What happens to isolated chlorophyll

A

It fluoresces because there is no electron acceptor

153
Q

What is linear electron flow

A

Flow of electrons through the photo systems and other molecular components built into the thylakoids membrane
Occurs during the light reactions of photosynthesis

154
Q

What ends the waving of electrons

A

Chlorophyll a

155
Q

What is the name of chlorophyll a

A

P680

156
Q

What is the name of chlorophyll a in the reaction center complex of photosystem 1

A

P700

157
Q

Where does the electron from P680 go to

A

to the primary electron acceptor

158
Q

What does P680 become once it loses the electron

A

P680+

159
Q

What happens after the electron goes to the primary electron acceptor

A

Water is split by an enzyme
Electrons replace those lost from P680
Water is made

160
Q

What happens to the electron in the primary electron acceptor

A

Goes from photosystem II to photosystem I via electron transport chain
Throws protons to the proton gradient

161
Q

What happens when the electron falls from the electron transport chain in the photo systems

A

Provides energy for the synthesis of ATP

162
Q

What happened with P700

A

Light energy was transferred via light harvesting complex pigments to the photosystem 1 reaction center complex, exciting an electron of P700
Electron goes to primary electron acceptor
P700+

163
Q

What happens to photo excited electrons

A

Passed in redox reactions from primary electron acceptor of photosystem one to a second electron transport chain through ferredoxin

164
Q

What does ferredoxin do

A

NADP+ reductive catalyze 2 electrons from ferredoxin to NADP+
It turns to NADPH - electrons ready for Calvin cycle

165
Q

What is cyclic electron flow

A

Photosystem I is used only
Electrons cycle back from ferredoxin to the cytochrome complex and continue on to P700
No NADPH
No release of oxygen

166
Q

When is cyclic used

A

To make more ATP

167
Q

How do chloroplasts and mitochondria generate ATP

A

Chemiosmosis

168
Q

The carriers in an electron transport chain are progressively more

A

Electronegative

169
Q

What do electron transport chains do with redox energy

A

Turn it to a proton-motive force

170
Q

Where are electrons from in mitochondria

A

Organic molecules

171
Q

Where are electrons from in chloroplasts

A

Water

172
Q

What happens to pH when proton concentrations increases

A

Drops

173
Q

What kind of I s the Calvin cycle

A

Anabolic

174
Q

What are the start and end products of the Calvin cycle

A

Carbon dioxide to sugar

175
Q

What does the Calvin cycle use

A

ATP and NADPH

176
Q

What is NADPH used for

A

Reducing power for adding high energy electrons to make sugar

177
Q

What does the Calvin cycle produce

A

G3P

178
Q

How many times of the Calvin cycle does it take for one G3P

A

Three times from three carbon dioxides

179
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin cycle

A

Carbon fixation
Reduction
Regeneration of the carbon dioxide acceptor

180
Q

What happens in the carbon fixation step

A

Carbon dioxide enters one at a time
Attaches to rubp (five carbon sugar) catalyze do by rubisco
Six carbon molecule splits into two three carbon sugars

181
Q

What happens in the reduction stage

A

Each three carbon molecule gets a phosphate from ATP
NADPH reduces it by donating a pair of electrons and a phosphate group
Now it’s G3P

182
Q

For every three carbon dioxides there are

A

6 G3Ps

183
Q

How many G3Ps are recycled or are released

A

5

1

184
Q

What is regeneration of the carbon dioxide acceptor

A

5 G3P rearranged to form three RuBP

3 ATP spent

185
Q

Where will the G3P go

A

Glucose and carbohydrates

186
Q

What are normal plants

A

C3 plants

187
Q

What is photo respiration

A

The process of using oxygen to produce carbon dioxide
Does not produce ATP
Consumes ATP
Does not produce sugar

188
Q

What does photorespiration do

A

Protects the plant from harmful light reactions

Drains the carbon dioxide

189
Q

What are C4 plants

A

Preface the Calvin cycle so it produces a four carbon compound

190
Q

Two types of cells in c4 plants

A

Bundle sheath and mesophyll

191
Q

What is a bundle sheath cell

A

Arranged in tightly packed sheaths around the veins of the leaf
Where Calvin cycle takes place

192
Q

What are the mesophyll cells

A

Between bundle sheath and leaf surface

Loosely arranged

193
Q

What is pep carboxylate

A

Enzyme that adds carbon dioxide to form the four carbon product
Only in mesophyll cells

194
Q

What do C4 cells not have

A

Photosystem II

195
Q

Where are c4 plants

A

Hot with intense sunlight

Stomata closes during the day

196
Q

Purpose of pep carboxylase

A

Can fix carbon even when there is less carbon dioxide and more oxygen

197
Q

What happens after carbon is fixed

A

Four carbons are taken to bundle sheath cells
Four carbons release carbon dioxide Which goes to Calvin cycle
Pyruvate made and goes to mesophyll cells

198
Q

Purpose of C4 plants

A

So nutrients do not evaporate
Minimizes photorespiration
Enhances sugar production
Stores CO2 during the night

199
Q

What are cam plants

A

Plants open their stomata during the night and close them during the day
Conserve water
Prevents carbon dioxide from entering
Succulent plants

200
Q

Difference between c4 and cam

A

C4 changes carbon cycle

Cam keeps the Calvin cycle the same

201
Q

How does NAD+ trap electrons

A

Dehydrogenases remove a pair of hydrogen atoms from the substrate (glucose) and oxidize it
Delivers 2 electrons and a proton to NAD+
The other proton is released
NAD+ becomes NADH

202
Q

What kind of reaction is the transfer of electrons from NADH to oxygen

A

Exergonic

203
Q

Path of electron

A

Glucose - NADH - electron transport chain - oxygen

204
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Cell respiration

205
Q

Two stages of photosynthesis

A

Light reactions

Calvin cycle

206
Q

What is the difference between between anaerobic and fermentation

A

Whether an electron chain is present

207
Q

In anaerobic respiration

A

Yes electron transport chain
Oxygen not final electron acceptor
Sulfate instead
Produces H2S

208
Q

Type of anaerobic

A

Marine bacteria

209
Q

What is fermentation not have

A

Oxygen and electron transport chain

210
Q

What happens in fermentation

A

Glycolysis oxidizes glucose to pyruvate, agent is NAD+

Exergonic

211
Q

What do reactions added to glycolysis do

A

Regenerate NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate

212
Q

How many ATP in fermentation

A

2

213
Q

What is alcohol fermentation

A

Pyruvate converted to ethanol
CO2 removed from pyruvate, then reduced by NADH to ethanol
Carried out by bacteria

214
Q

What is lactic acid fermentation

A

Pyruvate reduced by NADH to form lactate
No CO2 released
Fungi and bacteria and human muscle cells making ATP

215
Q

What is the oxidizing agent that accepts electrons from food during glycolysis

A

NAD+

216
Q

What is an obligate anaerobe

A

Carry out fermentation or anaerobic

Cannot survive in presence of oxygen

217
Q

What are facultative anaerobes

A

Yeasts and bacteria

Make enough ATP to survive using either ermentation or respiration

218
Q

What happens to amino acids before entering the process

A

Amino groups are removed - deamination

Enter at end of glycolysis til kreb’s

219
Q

What is beta oxidation

A

Breaks fatty acids down to two carbon fragments, which enter as acetyl coA

220
Q

Which fat enters as G3P

A

Glycerol

221
Q

What else is generated during beta oxidation

A

NADH and FADH2

222
Q

What happens in biosynthesis

A

Anabolic pathways

Body uses intermediates and hydrolysis of proteins to build

223
Q

What is switched off to regulate ATP synthesis

A

Anabolic pathways

224
Q

What is feedback inhibition

A

The end product of the anabolic pathway inhibits the enzyme that catalyze a an early step of the pathway

225
Q

What happens if ATP concentration drops

A

Respiration speeds up

AP Biology (4 decks)

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