cell biology of tissues

Question 1

organelles

Answer 1

nucleus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, peroxisomes

Question 2

nucleus

Answer 2

outer and inner membranes; nucleoplasm; nuclear envelope; nucleolus; nuclear lamina

Question 3

what is within the neoplasm

Answer 3

heterochromatin (condensed DNA)

Question 4

nuclear envelope and rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 4

continous membrane

Question 5

what is present within the nuclear envelope

Answer 5

pores for import and export

Question 6

nucleolus function

Answer 6

site of production of subunits of ribosomes; complex organisation of rRNA genes, synthesised rRNA and proteins

Question 7

nuclear lamina location and function

Answer 7

specialised cytoskeleton on internal nuclear envelope surface; controls (dis)assembly of envelope in mitosis

Question 8

rough endoplasmic reticulum: structure and function

Answer 8

flattened sheets (cisternae) studded with ribosomes; membrane proteins and packaging

Question 9

smooth endoplasmic reticulum: structure and function

Answer 9

tubular; detoxification, lipid metabolism and Ca2+ storage

Question 10

Golgi apparatus: structure and function

Answer 10

stacked cisternae and vesicles; modify, sort and package macromolecules

Question 11

mitochondria: structure and function

Answer 11

variety of complex or simple shapes; aerobic respiration producing ATP

Question 12

peroxisomes: function and contents

Answer 12

contain enzymes in lipid and oxygen metabolism; at [high], crystallise to form visible cores; produce peroxide

Question 13

cytoskeleton property

Answer 13

dynamic: rapid remodelling stimulated by signals

Question 14

cytoskeleton components

Answer 14

microtubules, intermediate filaments, microfilaments

Question 15

microtubules: structure

Answer 15

20nm, a and B heterodimers of tubulin

Question 16

microtubules: function

Answer 16

cell shape, acts as tracks (as well as accessory proteins and ATP motor proteins) for organelle movement, component of cilia and flagella (9+2 formation), radiate out from microtubule organising cente, form mitotic spindle, fluid transport as hollow

Question 17

intermediate filaments: structure

Answer 17

10-15nm

Question 18

intermediate filaments: function

Answer 18

mechanical strength

Question 19

intermediate filaments: variety

Answer 19

epithelial, mesenchymal, neurones, nuclear laminins

Question 20

epithelial intermediate filaments

Answer 20

cytokeratins (utilised by desmosomes for cell-to-cell adhesion)

Question 21

mesenchymal intermediate filaments

Answer 21

vimentin

Question 22

neurone intermediate filaments

Answer 22

neurofilament

Question 23

nuclear laminin function

Answer 23

stabilise nuclear envelope

Question 24

microfilaments: structure

Answer 24

5-9nm, polymers of globular actin forming filamentous actin

Question 25

microfilaments: function

Answer 25

adhesion belts in epithelia/endothelia, cell shape and movement (contract and crawl), control organisation and movement within thin muscle filaments (with accessory proteins such as myosin)

Question 26

microfilaments: location

Answer 26

peripheral cell regions