cell biology and genetics 2 - neil Flashcards

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1
Q

what is an organism?

A

living being

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2
Q

what are the properties of a cells

A

self-contained and self-maintaining entity
-take in nutrients and convert these nutrients into energy
-reproduce as necessary

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3
Q

what are the 2 types of cells

A

singular or multicelluar

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4
Q

what are singular cells

A

Function and survive more or less independently, through colonial forms with cells living together

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5
Q

what are multicelluar cells >

A

Cells are specialized and do not generally survive once separated.

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6
Q

All cells have for at some part of their life either…

A

Nucleus or Nucleoid

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7
Q

describe prokaryotic cells

A

found only in single-celled and colonial organisms

In the three-domain system of scientific classification, prokaryotic cells are placed in the domains Archaea and Eubacteria

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8
Q

describe eukaroytic cells

A

Possess have organelles with their own membranes

mainly multiceulluar

(The multicellular kingdoms, i.e. Animalia, Plantae and Fungi, are all eukaryotic.)

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9
Q

what are the 2 major phases of the cell cycle?

A

Mitosis
Interphase

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10
Q

Cell Fate is satisfied by one of the 3 D’s

A

Divide
Differentiate
Die

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11
Q

describe mitosis

A

Genetic Division
Preceded by Interphase
Preceded by Interphase
Comprised of 5 phases

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12
Q

describe interphase?

A

Cell increases in size
DNA is replicated (S Phase) generating two chromatids ( = chromosome)
Centrosome is duplicated

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13
Q

describe centrioles

A

Hollow cylindrical organelle

Walls are composed of 9 triplets of microtubules

Important in cell division organising the spindle upon which the chromosomes are pulled apart

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14
Q

describe prophase?

A

Duplicated DNA Condense to form 2 sister Chromatids

DNA becomes visible to the light microscope

Centrioles begin to move to opposite ends of the cell and fibres (Asters) grow and extend from the centromere

Cyclins and Cyclin Dependent Kinases (CDK) are activated

CDK phosphorylate nuclear proteins resulting in the breakdown of the NM

End of Prophase the majority of Nuclear membrane (80%) is broken down through phosphorylation and barrier between nucleus and cytoplasm is eliminated

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15
Q

pro - meaphase

A

Prometaphase starts with complete dissolution of NM

Formation of the proteinaceous spindle structure (bird cage)

Proteins attach to the centromeres creating the Kinetochores

Kinetochores attach to the spindle microtubules and begin to undergo active movement

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16
Q

metaphase?

A

Microtubules form spindle pole body

Spindle fibres align chromosomes along equator (middle) equator of the nuclear remnants

Alignment along the metaphase plate is checked for correct positioning

2 members of sister chromatid pair attach to a microtuble originating on the opposite spole of a spindle

17
Q

anaphase?

A

Sister chromatids move outwards

Separation results in the formation of two daughter chromosomes

Pulled apart and slowly move towards the spindle pole

Kinetochore μtubules get shorter and spindle pole moves outward

Results in chromosome separation

18
Q

telophase?

A

Chromatids arrive at the opposite ends of cell (each pole)

New NM form around daughter nucleii through the action of Phosphatases which remove the phosphate groups generated by the CDKinases (cf Prophase)

Chromosomes begin to disperse and lose definition under microscope

Spindle fibres begin to disperse

Contractile ring begins to form

Beginning of Cytokinesis

19
Q

cytokensis?

A

Not a phase of Mitosis (Mitosis is genetic segregation)

Cytokinesis is cellular segregation

Cytoplasm divided into 2 by a contractile ring of Actin and Myosin Filaments

End of cell division generating two daughter cells

Each cell contains an individual and identical nucleus

20
Q
A