Cell Biology Flashcards
Define organelles.
Organelles are specialised structures within the cell with characteristic shape and specific function
Name the eleven organelles.
Rough / Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum; Ribosome; Golgi Complex; Mitochondria; Proteasome; Lysosome; Peroxisome; Centrosome; Cilia; Nucleus
Describe the structure of mitochondria.
double membrane bound where the outer membrane is smooth and the inner membrane is arranged in folds
Describe the structure of ribosomes.
consists of a large and small subunit, attached to the nuclear membrane, RER, within the mitochondria, or “free”
Describe the structure of lysosomes.
membrane enclosed vesicles containing digestive and hydrolytic enzymes
Describe the structure of the Golgi complex.
three to twenty small, stacked, flattened membranous sacs (cisternae)
Describe the structure of cilia.
motile projections of the cell surface that are composed of microtubules
Describe the function of mitochondria.
site of cellular ATP production
Describe the function of ribosomes.
site of protein synthesis
Describe the function of lysosomes.
autophagy, recycles worn out cell structures
Describe the function of Golgi complex.
modify, sort and package protein into vesicles for transport
Describe the function of cilia.
move materials across the surface of the cell
What organelle is responsible for oxidising amino and fatty acids?
Peroxisomes
What organelle is responsible for the growth of the mitotic spindle in cell division?
Centrosomes
Which organelle is responsible for movement of the entire cell? (hint: only found in sperm cells)
Flagella
What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?
protein synthesis and phospholipid synthesis
Define gene expression.
the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct protein synthesis
Name the two cellular processes in gene expression (in the correct order).
Transcription and translation
Define Transcription.
the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of messenger RNA
Define Translation.
the process of reading an mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein being made
Name the three steps of Transcription and Translation, in the correct order.
Initiation, elongation and termination
