Cell Biology

Question 1

Define organelles.

Answer 1

Organelles are specialised structures within the cell with characteristic shape and specific function

Question 2

Name the eleven organelles.

Answer 2

Rough / Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum; Ribosome; Golgi Complex; Mitochondria; Proteasome; Lysosome; Peroxisome; Centrosome; Cilia; Nucleus

Question 3

Describe the structure of mitochondria.

Answer 3

double membrane bound where the outer membrane is smooth and the inner membrane is arranged in folds

Question 4

Describe the structure of ribosomes.

Answer 4

consists of a large and small subunit, attached to the nuclear membrane, RER, within the mitochondria, or “free”

Question 5

Describe the structure of lysosomes.

Answer 5

membrane enclosed vesicles containing digestive and hydrolytic enzymes

Question 6

Describe the structure of the Golgi complex.

Answer 6

three to twenty small, stacked, flattened membranous sacs (cisternae)

Question 7

Describe the structure of cilia.

Answer 7

motile projections of the cell surface that are composed of microtubules

Question 8

Describe the function of mitochondria.

Answer 8

site of cellular ATP production

Question 9

Describe the function of ribosomes.

Answer 9

site of protein synthesis

Question 10

Describe the function of lysosomes.

Answer 10

autophagy, recycles worn out cell structures

Question 11

Describe the function of Golgi complex.

Answer 11

modify, sort and package protein into vesicles for transport

Question 12

Describe the function of cilia.

Answer 12

move materials across the surface of the cell

Question 13

What organelle is responsible for oxidising amino and fatty acids?

Answer 13

Peroxisomes

Question 14

What organelle is responsible for the growth of the mitotic spindle in cell division?

Answer 14

Centrosomes

Question 15

Which organelle is responsible for movement of the entire cell? (hint: only found in sperm cells)

Answer 15

Flagella

Question 16

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 16

protein synthesis and phospholipid synthesis

Question 17

Define gene expression.

Answer 17

the process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to direct protein synthesis

Question 18

Name the two cellular processes in gene expression (in the correct order).

Answer 18

Transcription and translation

Question 19

Define Transcription.

Answer 19

the process by which genetic information encoded in DNA is copied onto a strand of messenger RNA

Question 20

Define Translation.

Answer 20

the process of reading an mRNA nucleotide sequence to determine the amino acid sequence of the protein being made

Question 21

Name the three steps of Transcription and Translation, in the correct order.

Answer 21

Initiation, elongation and termination