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ABSITE > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

composition of a cell membrane

A
  • lipid bilayer - contains protein channels, enzymes, and receptors
  • cholesterol- membrane fluidity
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2
Q

Electrical gradient of a cell memebrane

A

Negative inside compared to outside. 3 Na out 2 Kin based on Na/K ATP ase.
Na gradient used for cotransport of glucose, proteins and other molecules

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3
Q

desmosomes/hemidesmosomes

A

adhesion molecules (cell - cell/ cell - extracellular matrix)

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4
Q

tight junctions

A

cell-cell occluding junctions, form an impermeable barrier (epithelium)

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5
Q

Gap junctions

A

connexin subunits, allow communication between cells

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6
Q

G proteins

A

intramembrane protein, transduce signal from receptor to response enzyme

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7
Q

Ligand- triggered protein kinase

A

receptor and response enzyme are a single transmembrane protein ( insulin, epidermal growth factor)

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8
Q

ABO blood type antigens

A

glycolipids on cell membrane

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9
Q

HLA - type antigens

A

glycoproteins (Gp) on cell membrane

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10
Q

G1 cell cycle

A
  • determines cell cycle length
  • growth factors affect cell during G1
  • cells can move to Go (quiesecent) from here
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11
Q

Mitosis

A

nuclear division

  • prophase: centromere attachment, spindle formation, nucleus disappears
  • Metaphase: chromosome alignment
  • Anaphase: chromosomes pulled apart
  • Telophase: separate nucleus reforms around each set of chromosomes
  • Cytokinesis: contractile ring and cleavage furrow, separation of cells
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12
Q

nucleus

A

contains a double membrane, outer membrane continuous with rough endoplasmic reticulum

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13
Q

nucleolus

A

inside the nucleus, no membrane, ribosomes are made here

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14
Q

Transcription

A

DNA strand is used as a template by RNA polymerase for synthesis of an mRNA strand

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15
Q

Transcription factors

A
  • steroid hormones- binds receptor in CYTOPLASM, then acts as a transcription factor
  • thyroid hormone- binds receptor in NUCLEUS
  • others: AP-1, NF-kB, STAT, NFAT
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16
Q

RNA polymerase

A

unwinds DNA helix, catalyzes formation of RNA-DNA helix, then releases the RNA as a single strand copy

17
Q

DNA polymerase

A

uses oligonucleotides to amplify specific ANA sequences

18
Q

Purines

A

adenine, guanine

19
Q

Pyridimines

A

cytosine, thymidine (uracil in RNA)
Guanine - cytosine H bond
Adenine - thymidine 2H bonds

20
Q

translation

A

mRNA used as a template by ribosomes for the synthesis of protein

21
Q

ribosomes

A

bind tRNAs at A site moves to P site for peptide bond formation

22
Q

glycolysis

A

1 glucose molecule generates 2 ATP and 2 pyruvate molecules

23
Q

mitochondria

A

2 membranes: krebs cyle on inner matrix, NADH/FADHs created

24
Q

Krebs cycle

A

glucose –glycolysis–> 2 pyruvate—krebs-> NADH abd FADH2 –> electron transport chain–> 36 ATP

25
Q

gluconeogensis

A

mechansim by which lactic acid (cori cycle - liver) and amino acid are converted to glucose.

26
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

synthesizes proteins that are exported

27
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

lipid/steroid synthesis, detoxifies drugs (increased in liver and adrenal cortex

28
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modifies proteins with carbohydrates, proteins are then transported to the cellular membrane, are secreted, or are targeted to lysosomes

29
Q

lysosomes

A

have digestive enzymes that degrade engulfed particles and worn out organelles

30
Q

phagosomes

A

engulfed large particles these fuse with lysosomes to degrade

31
Q

endosomes

A

engulfed small particles - that then fuse

32
Q

Protein kinase C

A
  • phosphorylates other enzymes and proteins

- activated by calcium and DAG (diacylglycerol)

33
Q

Protein Kinase A

A
  • phosphorylates enzymes and proteins

- activated by CAMP

34
Q

Mysoin

A

thick filaments, uses ATP to slide along actin to cause muscle contraction

35
Q

Actin

A

thin filaments

36
Q

intermediate filaments

A

keratin (hair/nails)
desmin (muscle)
vimentin (fibroblasts)

37
Q

microtubules

A

form specialized cellular structures such as cilia, neuronal axons, and mitotic spindles, also involved in the transport of organelles in the cell (forms a lattice network)

38
Q

centriole

A

a specialized microtubule involved in cell division (forms spindle fibers, which pull chromosome apart)

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