cell biology Flashcards by d k

what do plant cells contain

cell membranes
nucleus
cytoplasm
mitochondria
ribosomes
cellulose cell wall
permanent vacuole
chloroplasts

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what do animal cells have

cell membranes
nucleus
cytoplasm
mitochondria
ribosomes

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what do plant cells have over animal cells

cellulose cell wall(doesnt allow water to enter)
permanent vacuole
chloroplasts

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what do bacteria contain

cell wall
cell membrane
ribosomes
cytoplasm
circular strand of dna
plasmid
-some have flaggela to allow it to move

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what are the important parts of a light microscope

eyepiece lens on the very top where we look

mirror above the base

stage above the mirror where the slide sits

3 objective lenses above the slide/stage

coarse adjusting knob which is the big knob

fine focusing knob which is the small one on the arm above the lenses along side coarse

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how do these light microscopes work

light from room hits mirror and is reflected onto our object on stage passing through 1 objective lens then through eyepiece lens

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how is the image we see larger than the object

the lenses spread out the light rays

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what is magnification equation

image/object

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what is the resolution

how detailed the image is

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what are pros of light microscope

pros
small
easy to use
relatively cheap

cons
limited resolution of 0.2 micrometre

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what are pros and cons of electron microscopes

cons
-very expensive
-hard to use

pros
-have resolution of 0.1nanometres
2000x better resolution better than light
-can study organelles

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what are the units for measurements

km
m
mm
um -has little branch on left u
nm

each are 1000x smaller each time

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what are 3 stages of the cell cycle

growth
mitosis
division

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why cant animals of different species reproduce to have fertile offspring

diff species have different no of chromosomes

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what are the steps for the cell cycle

Cellular growth - the cell gets larger and produces more sub-cellular structures, such as mitochondria and ribosomes.
DNA replication - chromosomes duplicate, so that each consists of 2 arms (copies).
More cell growth.
Mitosis - the DNA divides into two.
Cytokinesis - the cell divides into two.

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what is binary fission

where prokaryotic cells divide into 2
a type of reproduction as they are unicellular

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what are the stages of binary fission

grow
replicate genetic material
grows new cell wall
pulls apart and is finished

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how do you work out the cells produced when you have the mean division time and original no of cells

og number of cells x 2 to the power of number of division cycles

is cell wall outer or inner

outer

Which three conditions do bacteria require for fast growth?

Temperature
Nutrient availability
Moisture
Oxygen

what are some aseptic techniques

Cleaning surfaces with disinfectant

Washing hands with antiseptic soap and warm water before handling microorganisms.

passing all instruments through bunsen burner, solutions, and mediums

what are common examples of specialised cells in animals

sperm
nerve
muscle

what are common examples of specialised cells in plants

root hair
phloem
xylem

function and sperm adaptations

half dna
lots of mitochondria
flagellum-to swim through uterus and fallopian tube
streamlined
digestive enzymes to break hole into egg

function and nerve cell adaptations

-to carry electrical signals fast from 1 body part to another -long -branched connections at the end to connect and form network with other nerve cells

function and muscle cell adaptations

function is to contact quickly -long for space to contract -lots of mitochondria

function and root hair cell adaptations

funtion is to absorb water and minerals -long hairs to give it large sa

function and xylem and phloem cell adaptations

-transport food and water around body -cells long joined end to end -xylem hollow/phloem few subcellular structures so stuff can flow through them

what are conditions caused by faulty cells

type 1 diabetes caused by pancreatic cells that normally produce insulin paralysis-damaged nerve cells

drawbacks of embyronic stem cells

-limited supply -ethical issues -rejection

pros and cons of adult stem cells

pros -can be taken from patient so wont cause rejection -easy to get a hold off cons -can only differentiate into blood cells

what are risks of stem cells

virus transmission tumour development

what are ethical objections

religious /moral grounds object to use as they have potential for life some think curing people suffering should be prioritised

what factors affect rate of diffusion

-conc gradient -temperature-particles move around faster and diffuse quicker -surface area -diffusion distance

what differs osmosis and diffusion

it is with water and it is through a semi permeable membrane

what is the water concentration

amount of water compared to solutes proportion of water to solutes

active transport always happens

across a membrane

where is active transport used

in root hair cells which have lots of mitochondria and large sa to absorb mineral ions

isotonic,hypotonic,hypertonic

isotonic-same hypertonic-more conc of solute hypotonic-less conc of solute

Give two examples of exchange surfaces in humans and describe their function.

example 1 - Alveoli (or lungs) Example 1 - Alveoli allow oxygen and carbon dioxide to diffuse in and out of the body/bloodstream Example 2 - Villi (or small intestines) Example 2 - Villi allow nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, mineral ions etc to be absorbed from the small intestines into the bloodstream

what are the common features specialised exchange surfaces in plants and animals

large surface area thin-so short diffusion distance permeable to substances they need to exchange

what does good blood supply do

helps maintain conc gradient in animals

what does good supply of external medium

air outside our body or food

State and explain three features of alveoli that make them good exchange surfaces.

Feature 1 - There are lots of alveoli, giving a large total surface area Explanation 1 - Lots of molecules can diffuse across at the same time Feature 2 - Surfaces are very thin (only 1 alveolar cell and 1 capillary cell thick) Explanation 2 - Substances only have to diffuse a short distance Feature 3 - Surfaces are permeable Explanation 3 - Oxygen and carbon dioxide are able to diffuse across Feature 4 - Good blood supply (good supply of 'internal medium') Explanation 4 - Maintains a strong concentration gradient as blood is constantly replaced Feature 5 - Good supply of air ( good supply of 'external medium') Explanation 5 - Maintains a strong concentration gradient as the air in the alveoli is constantly replaced with new oxygen rich air from the atmosphere