Cell Biology Flashcards
How many types of essential oral cell types are there?
5
What are the names of the essential oral cell types?
Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, Fibroblasts, Ameloblasts, Odontoblasts
What do living cells contain?
carbon + hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, macromolecules, small organic molecules, solutes and solvent
What type of small organic molecules do living cells contain?
sugars & amino acids
What type of solutes do living cells contain?
dissolved salts, ions
What are macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids
What are sugars?
Simple carbohydrates
What are examples of simple carbohydrates?
glucose, fructose, galactose & mannose
What is a polysaccharides?
Polymerised sugars into larger molecules
What are examples of polysaccharides?
glycogen, starch, cellulose
What is glycogen?
Large branched polymers of glucose and are main energy storage molecules of animals
What are proteins?
Polymers of amino acids
What are two main types of proteins?
Enzymes (functional), Structural ( cell support)
What are functions of proteins?
Acts as a catalyst, regulates proteins or genes, source of transportation, anti-bodies
What is Haemoglobin?
An oxygen binding protein
How many common amino acids are there?
20, 9 are essential
Why are amino acids polymerised?
To make short polymers (peptides) or long polymers (proteins)
What can amino acid side chains consist of?
Charged, uncharged, polar (hydrophilic) , non-polar (hydrophobic) chains
What is a peptide bond?
It is formed by amino acids which one of the aminos in the group has undergone a reaction with a COOH of another amino acid.
What is an enzyme?
A macromolecule that act as chemical catalysts (protein)
Why are enzymes chemical catalysts?
They promote or accelerate specific chemical reactions from energy in the form of ATP or by the substrate
What does ATP stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
What is ATP?
It is the common currency of cells
Where is energy stored in ATP?
in the high-energy bonds linking the phosphate molecules
What are lipids made up of?
They are composed of Oxygen, Carbon and Hydrogen and are mainly water insoluble
What do lipids consist of?
Fats, phospholipids, steroids
How much energy does the fat store in lipids?
2 x energy yield compared to carbohydrates
What is a phospholipid?
molecules with a hydrophilic phosphate head group and a hydrophobic lipid tail
Why are phospholipids important?
They are a major component of biological membranes
What are steroids?
A large group of lipids that act as structural components or hormones that possess a steroid nucleus with side chains
What are two important nucleic acids?
Ribonucleic Acid (RNA), Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)