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Body Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Epithelial Tissue?

A

A membranous tissue made up of cells

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2
Q

What are the two types of epithelial tissue?

A

membranous epithelium and glandular epithelium

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3
Q

What is the membranous epithelium function?

A

It lines the blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, respiratory tract, digestive tract,

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4
Q

What is the glandular epithelium?

A

Follicles in endocrine and exocrine glands

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5
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Protection, absorption, excretion, secretion, sensory.

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6
Q

What is an example of protection?

A

tough and impermeable skin

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7
Q

What is an example of absorption?

A

epithelium of gut and lungs

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8
Q

What is an example of excretion?

A

release of waste products in kidney

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9
Q

What is an example of secretion?

A

discharge of
hormones from glands e.g mucus, sweat

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10
Q

What is an example of sensory?

A

epithelial structures on ear, nose, eye and skin

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11
Q

What are general properties of epithelia?

A

Tightly packed between cells with fine spaces, it constantly regenerates, it is attached to connective tissue via the basement membrane, and they are avascular

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12
Q

What can be found between the fine spaces in tightly packed cells?

A

Interstitial fluid

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13
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

The outer shell of mammalian cells and packing material

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14
Q

Are epithelial tissues high or low in ECM?

A

low in ECM

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15
Q

Are connective tissues high or low in ECM?

A

high in ECM

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16
Q

What are some types of ECM?

A

proteinaceous fibres and mineralised crystals

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17
Q

What are examples of proteinaceous fibres?

A

collagen and elastin

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18
Q

What are examples of mineralised crystals?

A

bone, dental hard tissues

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19
Q

What does ECM contain?

A

secreted proteins and membrane proteins which are essential for structure and connectivity

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20
Q

What is the function of collagen?

A

Provides flexible strength to tissue

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21
Q

What is the function of elastin?

A

Allows flexibility and elastic recoil of tissues

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22
Q

How are collagen fibres made?

A

Three collagen protein chains twist into a fibrous molecule, then twists into staggered collagen strands, then bundles twist into fibrils, fibrils then twist into proper rope-like collagen fibres

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23
Q

How are elastin fibres made?

A

Elastin exists in random coil formations that can be easily stretched, and are held together by microfilaments

24
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

It is made up of mostly extracellular matrix, it connects tissue to each other, is the supportive framework for organs and body, it allows transport between tissues and organs, and defends the body against bacteria

25
Q

What are the types of connective tissue?

A

Fibrous connective tissue, blood, bone and cartilage

26
Q

Why is blood an important connective tissue?

A

It is mainly liquid and should not contain fibres

27
Q

What does blood transport?

A

gases ( oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients and waste products

27
Q

What are the main functions of blood?

A

transport, homeostasis, defence

28
Q

How does blood undergo homeostasis?

A

It maintains body temperature and pH levels

29
Q

What does blood defence?

A

Immune system to destroy invaders

30
Q

How is blood formed?

A

by haematopoiesis in red bone marrow

31
Q

What can blood be divided into?

A

Plasma and formed elements

32
Q

How much blood is divided into plasma?

A

55% of whole blood

33
Q

How much blood is divided into formed elements?

A

45%

34
Q

What is plasma made of?

A

90% water, 10% solutes

35
Q

What can the cellular fraction be further divided into?

A

red blood cells (99%), white blood cells (>1%), platelets(>1%)

36
Q

What type of red blood cells are cellular fractions divided into?

A

Erythrocytes

37
Q

What type of white blood cells are cellular fractions divided into?

A

Leukocytes

38
Q

What type of platelets are cellular fractions divided into?

A

Thrombocytes

39
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

Transportation of respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) and are flexible and can change shape due to its flexible cytoskeleton (spectrin fibres)

40
Q

What is the function of platelets?

A

Releases clot-activating substances and helps in formation of actual blood clot by forming platelet plugs

41
Q

What are erythrocytes made of?

A

mainly haemoglobin and has antigens on its membrane surface, as it has no nucleus, no ribosomes, no mitochondria

42
Q

What is it called when someone has not enough red blood cells?

A

Anaemia

43
Q

What is it called when someone has too many red blood cells?

A

polycythaemia

44
Q

What forms the basis of ABO blood groupings?

A

Antigens on red blood cells and antibodies in blood plasma

45
Q

What can happen if there are incompatible blood transfusions?

A

Agglutination (clumping) and can cause death

46
Q

What are the blood types?

A

Type A, Type B, Type O, Type AB

47
Q

What does Type A blood have?

A

Type A antigens on red blood cells, Type B antibodies in blood plasma and will attack type B antigen

48
Q

What does Type B blood have?

A

Type B antigens on red blood cells, Type A antibodies in blood plasma and will attack type A antigens

49
Q

What does Type O blood (Universal Donor) have?

A

no antigens on red blood cells, and both Type A and Type B antibodies will attack both Type A and B

50
Q

What does Type AB (Universal Acceptor) have?

A

Both antigens on red blood cells, no antibodies so will not attack any blood type

51
Q

What is the main purpose of Coagulation (blood clotting)?

A

To plug up leaks in blood vessels, also help defend against bacterial invaders by isolating and trapping them

52
Q

What happens if blood clotting is not controlled?

A

The clot could block the blood vessel

53
Q

What are essential for blood clotting?

A

platelets

54
Q

What does thrombin cause?

A

Fibrinogen which becomes fibrin

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