Cell Biology Flashcards
Where is genetic information stored in the cell?
The Nucleus
What is the main difference between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells in regard to genetic information?
Prokaryotic cells don’t have a nucleus, so it’s genetic material is free floating in the cytoplasm.
Where does transcription take place?
The nucleus
Where does translation take place?
Ribosomes
What is the main function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Protein synthesis
What is the main difference between DNA and RNA
RNA is single stranded, DNA is double stranded.
What is unique about RNA?
It has many different functions in a eukaryotic cell such as mRNA which acts as a messenger to the Ribosomes. It also uses uracil instead of thymine as a nucleic acid
What is glycocylation?
The attachment of sugars to a protein during protein synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum.
What are the two types of Endoplasmic Reticulum?
Rough ER and Smooth ER
What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum’s way of dealing with emergencies?
The unfolded protein response
How many forms (degrees) of protein folding are there?
4
Alpha helixes and Beta sheets form at which stage of protein folding
2
What are the 4 macromolecules in biology?
Protein, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleaic acids
What is the main function of lipids
Energy storage
What is the function of carbohydrates
Used for energy (broken down to create ATP)
What is the function of proteins?
Varies depending on the protein, but overall cell maintenance and maintaining cell function
What is the monomer of lipids
Triacyglycerides
What is the monomer of carbohydrates?
Sugars
What is the monomer of proteins?
Amino Acids
What is the monomer of nucleic acids?
DNA and RNA
What’s the difference between a nucleotide and a nucleoside?
Nucleotides are DNA and RNA, nucleosides are prymidines and purines
What makes up the cell membrane?
The phospholipid bilayer
Which direction do the hydrophobic tails point?
Inwards
What is the most common type of passive transport?
Osmosis (Diffusion)
What is the main difference between active transport and passive transport?
Active transport requires ATP to move against the concentration gradient
Which direction do the hydrophilic heads point in the lipid bilayer?
Outwards
What characteristic allows some materials to pass through the membrane, but others to not be able to?
Semipermeability
How does the sodium potassium pump work?
It uses a voltage gradient to get molecules into and out of the cell based on the molecules electric charge
Which proteins are used during active transport to guide non permeable molecules into the cell?
Channel proteins
What cellular processes takes place inside the mitochondria?
Cellular respiration, electron transport chain, glycolysis
How many net ATP does cellular respiration yield?
36-38 ATP
How many ATP does glycolysis yield?
2
Which process takes place under anaerobic conditions?
Fermentation
Fermentation produces what byproduct that causes muscle soreness when working out?
Lactic Acid
What organelle is intertwined with the nucleus?
Endoplasmic reticulum
Chromosomes are only present during what cellular process?
Mitosis
How does the cell deal with misfolded proteins?
The Endoplasmic reticulum makes chaperone proteins that try to fix the protein misfolding, if it is unsuccessful the cell will undergo programmed cell death
What disease is most common among protein misfolding disorders
Muscular Dystrophy
