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Biomedical Science Year 1 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What can all life forms on earth be traced back to?

A

A Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA)

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2
Q

What is the most widely used phylogenetic marker?

A

Small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene (SSU rDNA)

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3
Q

Functions of the plasma membrane?

A
  1. Communication with the environment, other cells
  2. Barrier functions - passage of molecules in and out of the cell
  3. Cell growth, shape change, movement, division
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4
Q

Function of cytosol

A

Many metabolic pathways, protein synthesis

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5
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Contains main genome, DNA and RNA synthesis

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6
Q

Function of endoplasmic reticulum

A

Synthesis of most lipids; synthesis of proteins for distribution to many organelles and to the plasma membrane and secretions

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7
Q

Function of Golgi apparatus

A

Modification, sorting, and packaging of proteins and lipids for various organelles, PM or secretion

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8
Q

Function of lysosomes

A

Intracellular degradation

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9
Q

Function of endosomes

A

Sorting of internalised material

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10
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A

Oxidation of toxic molecules

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11
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Oxidative phosphorylation, FeS cluster biosynthesis

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12
Q

Function of chloroplasts

A

Photosynthesis

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13
Q

Function of transporters

A

Move nutrients, metabolites or ions across membranes

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14
Q

Function of linkers

A

Join membranes to intra- or extracellular macromolecules, eg links to cytoskeleton

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15
Q

Function of receptors

A
  • Transduce signals from environment (eg hormone and growth factor receptors)
  • Transport of land - plgR, transferring receptor
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16
Q

What is the glycocalix?

A

The cell coat- protects cells against chemical, physical and biological damages

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17
Q

Which amino acid are N-glycans linked to?

A

Asparagine

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18
Q

Which amino acids are O-glycans linked to?

A

Serine/Threonine

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19
Q

Ways in which glycans affect health and disease

A

Modulate inflammatory responses, enable viral immune escape, can promote cancer cell metastasis

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20
Q

Functions of the glycocalyx

A

• Protection - can keep unwanted interactions at a distance
• Adhesion - carbohydrate binding proteins on other cell surfaces or in extracelular matrices
• Recognition - cell type specific glycosylation patterns
• Storage - bind and release growth factors

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21
Q

When is autophagy important?

A

During normal cell growth and differentiation

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22
Q

What is dysfunctional autophagy associated with?

A

Infectious disorders, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer

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23
Q

Where are intermediate filaments found?

A

In the cytoplasm and nucleus

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24
Q

How large are intermediate filaments?

A

10nm in diameter

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25
Q

Characteristics of intermediate filaments

A
  • Strong but flexible
  • Comprised of polymers
  • Primary function is to prevent excessive stretching
  • Distribute tensile force across cells
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26
Q

What are intermediate filaments made up of?

A
  • Core structure is an a-helical coil
  • 8 tetramers (16 dimers) associate to form the filament
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27
Q

How large are microtubules?

A

25nm in diameter

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28
Q

Function of microtubules

A

Move and locate cell components

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29
Q

Characteristics of microtubules

A
  • Rigid, unstable, formation uses GTP
  • Interact with ATP-consuming kinesin and dynein motors
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30
Q

Which end do Kinesins go to?

A

Plus end

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31
Q

Which end do dyneins go to?

A

Minus and

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32
Q

Differences between cilia and flagella

A
  • Cilia are numerous and short, flagella are few and long
  • Cilia are all locomotion, flagella are locomotion of entire cell
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33
Q

Differences between cilia and microvilli

A
  • Cilia are motile, microvilli are non-motile
  • Cilia contain microtubules, microvilli contain actin filaments
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34
Q

How large are actin filaments?

A

6-8nm in diameter

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35
Q

Characteristics of actin filaments

A
  • Flexible, dynamic, formation uses ATP
  • Interact with ATP-consuming myosin motors
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36
Q

What is spectrin?

A

Cytoskeletal protein that lines the inner plasma membrane

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37
Q

Myosin 1 characteristics

A
  • All cells
  • One head/tail
  • Intracellular organisation
  • Moves cargo along actin filament
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38
Q

Myosin 2 characteristics

A
  • Muscle cells (and others)
  • Dimer
  • Forms filaments
  • Contractile structures
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39
Q

What is p53?

A

Transcription factor / tumour suppressor
Guardian of the genome

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40
Q

What is osmolarity?

A

The number of particles per unit volume

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41
Q

How much of the body is water?

A

60% (by weight)

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42
Q

What are the principle body cations?

A

Na+ and K+

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43
Q

What are the principle body anions?

A

Cl-, HCO3-, proteins, phosphates and amino acids

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44
Q

What is ionic composition like between body comportments?

A

Very different ie. Chemical disequilibrium

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45
Q

What is total ionic concentration like between body fluid compartments

A

Very similar

46
Q

What is total osmotic concentration like between body fluid comportments?

A

Virtually identical ie. osmotic equilibrium

47
Q

How do carrier proteins work?

A

Bind solute on one side of membrane and deliver it to other side by conformational change in protein

48
Q

How do channel proteins work?

A

Form hydrophilic pores in membrane through which solutes (mainly ions) can diffuse

49
Q

What is a uniporter?

A

A carrier that transports one substrate

50
Q

Where does the energy come from in primary active transport?

A

Direct from ATP

51
Q

Where does the energy come from in secondary active transport?

A

Potential energy stored in a concentration gradient

52
Q

What is an action potential?

A

A rapid change in membrane potential

53
Q

How is the resting membrane potential maintained?

A
  • The high permeability of the membrane to K+
  • The active transport of Na+ across the membrane
54
Q

What is the name or the equation for equilibrium potential?

A

The Nernst equation

55
Q

What is the name of the equation for resting membrane potential?

A

The Goldmann equation

56
Q

What is the RMP?

A

-70mV, inside relative to outside

57
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

The period in which the membrane cannot generate another AP no matter how big the stimulus
- The Na+ channels are inactivated

58
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

The period in which the membrane can generate another AP, but only if the stimulus is bigger than normal
- Some Na+ channels are recovered
- Some K+ channels are still open

59
Q

Where does the action potential start?

A

At the axon hillock

60
Q

What is at the axon hillock?

A

Many voltage-gated Na+ channels

61
Q

What are steroid hormones synthesised from?

A

Cholesterol

62
Q

What are peptide hormones synthesised from?

A

Amino acids

63
Q

What are amino acid hormones synthesised from?

A

Tyrosine

64
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

Region of the brain which plays a key role in homeostasis

65
Q

What are the two lobes of the pituitary gland/ hypophysis

A

Posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) and anterior pituitary (adrenohypophysis)

66
Q

Hormones released by the posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin and ADH

67
Q

Function of oxytocin

A

Uterine smooth muscle contraction
Breast myoepithelial contraction

68
Q

Function of ADH

A

Water retention by kidney

69
Q

What is TRH?

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone

70
Q

What is GnRH?

A

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone

71
Q

What is CRH?

A

Corticotrophin-releasing hormone

72
Q

What is GHRH?

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone

73
Q

What is somatostatin

A

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone

74
Q

What are the 6 hypothalamic hormones?

A

TRH, GnRH, CRH, GHRH, somatostatin, dopamine

75
Q

Target tissue of TRH

A

Thyrotrophs

76
Q

Functions of TRH

A

Stimulates TSH and prolactin release

77
Q

Target tissue of GnRH

A

Gonadotrophs

78
Q

Functions of GnRH

A

Stimulates FSH and LH release

79
Q

Target tissue of CRH

A

Corticotrophs

80
Q

Functions of CRH

A

Stimulates ACTH and prolactin release

81
Q

Target tissue of GHRH

A

Somatotrophs

82
Q

Function of GHRH

A

Stimulates GH release

83
Q

Target tissue of somatostatin

A

Somatotrophs

84
Q

Functions of somatostatin

A

Inhibition of GH release, also of gastrin, VIP, glucagon and insulin

85
Q

Target tissue of dopamine

A

Lactotrophs

86
Q

Function of dopamine

A

Inhibits prolactin release

87
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH, GH, prolactin

88
Q

What is ACTH?

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

89
Q

Direct effects of GH?

A

Release fatty acids, reduce glucose metabolism, increase gluconeogenesis, increased production of IGF-1

90
Q

Long term effects of GH

A

Growth promoting action on bone, promotes amino acid uptake

91
Q

What is the major product of the thyroid?

A

Thyroxine or T4

92
Q

What is the most active thyroid hormone?

A

Triiodothyronine / T3

93
Q

What are 3 major thyroid transporting proteins?

A

Thyroxine-binding globulin, thyroxine-binding prealbumin, albumin

94
Q

What does type 1 deiodinase do?

A

Results in active or inactive T3

95
Q

What does type 2 deiodinase do?

A

Results in active T3

96
Q

What does type 3 deiodinase do?

A

Results in inactive T3

97
Q

3 zones of the cortex

A

Zona glomerulosa, zona fasiculata, zona reticularis

98
Q

What does zona glomerulosa produce?

A

Aldosterone

99
Q

What does zona fasiculata produce?

A

Cortisol and androgens

100
Q

What does zona reticularis produce?

A

Cortisol and androgens

101
Q

Major product of the medulla?

A

Epinephrine

102
Q

Functions of aldosterone

A

Binds to mineralocorticoid receptors within principal cells, upregulates ENaC

103
Q

Function of cortisol

A

Effects virtually all tissues mainly by binding to its receptor and controlling gene transcription

104
Q

Effects of cortisol

A

Stimulates hepatic gluconeogenesis, stimulates muscle catabolism, inhibits glucose uptake

105
Q

Function of gonads

A

Secrete sex hormones

106
Q

What is gametogenesis?

A

Production of gametes for sexual reproduction

107
Q

What do testes do?

A

Secrete large amounts of androgens and small amounts of oestrogens

108
Q

What do ovaries do?

A

Secrete large amounts of oestrogens and small amounts of androgens
Secrete progesterone; prepares uterus for pregnancy

109
Q

What is the main product of theca cells?

A

Androstenedione

110
Q

Which enzyme is absent from the zona glomerulosa?

A

17a-hydroxylase

Biomedical Science Year 1 (8 decks)

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