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Biology > Cell biology > Flashcards

Cell biology Flashcards

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1
Q

The specific function specialised cells carry out

A

Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage.

• Many types of plant cells retain the ability to differentiate throughout life.

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2
Q

In mature animals what are cells used for?

A

To répare and replace

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3
Q

Name all the cells in an animal cell?

A

.cytoplasm
.a nucleus
.cell membrane
.mitrochondria
.ribosomes

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4
Q

What do plant cells have that animal cells do not?

A

Chloroplast

a permanent vacuole filled with cell sap.

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5
Q

What function do specialised cells give out?

A

• sperm cells, nerve cells and muscle cells in animals

• root hair cells, xylem and phloem cells in plants.

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6
Q

As an organism develops, cells differentiate to form?

A

different types of cells.

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7
Q

In mature animals, cell division is mainly restricted to

A

repair and replacement.

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8
Q

An electron microscope has

A

much higher magnification and resolving power than a light microscope.

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9
Q

What enables biologists to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures.

A

Electron microscopes

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10
Q

How to calculate magnification

A

size of image size / of real object

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11
Q

Bacteria multiply by simple cell division as often as?

A

Once every 20 minutes if they have the right amount of nutrients and have a suitable temperature

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12
Q

Bacteria can be grown in a?

A

Broth solution, or as colonies on a agar bar plate

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13
Q

Nucleus of a cell contains?

A

chromosomes made of DNA molecules.

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14
Q

In body cells the chromosomes are normally found…

A

In pairs

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15
Q

The first step of the cell cycle?

A

the genetic material is doubled and then divided into two identical cells.

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16
Q

The second step in the cell cycle?

A

Before a cell can divide it needs to grow and increase the number of sub-cellular structures such as ribosomes and mitochondria. The DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome.

17
Q

What is the third step in the cell cycle?

A

In mitosis one set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell and the nucleus divides.

18
Q

What is the fourth step of the cell cycle?

A

the cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical cells.

19
Q

A stem cell is?

A

an undifferentiated cell of an organism which is capable of giving rise to many more cells of the same type, and from which certain other cells can arise from differentiation.

20
Q

Stem cells from human embryos can be ?

A

cloned and made to differentiate into most different types of human cells.

21
Q

Stem cells from adult bone marrow can form?

A

many types of cells including blood cells

22
Q

Meristem tissue in plants can?

A

differentiate into any type of plant cell, throughout the life of the plant.

23
Q

Treatment with stem cells can help conditions such as?

A

Diabetes and paralysis

24
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

It’s where an embryo is produced it’s the same genes as a patient. Stem cells from the embryo are not rejected by the patient’s body so they may be used for medical treatment.

25
Q

What are the risk of using stem cells?

A

Transfer viral infections/ some religions may object to it

26
Q

Why are stem cells useful for plants?

A

They can help them grow quicker.
They can be cloned to become protected from extinction.

27
Q

Diffusion?

A

Where substances may move in and out of cell membrane.

28
Q

In further detail describe diffusion?

A

is the spreading out of the particles of any substance in solution, or particles of a gas, resulting in a net movement from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

29
Q

What are some of the substances transported in and out of cells through diffusion?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide, gas exchange.

30
Q

What are the factors that affect the rate of diffusion

A

. The temperature
. The surface area of the membrane
. The difference in concentration

31
Q

What has a relatively large surface area to volume ratio, which allows sufficient transport of molecules into and out of the cell to meet the needs of the organism?

A

A single celled organism

32
Q

The effectiveness of an exchange surface is increased by:

A

Having a large surface area.
A membrane that is thin, to provide a short diffusion path.
Having an efficient blood supply.

33
Q

Define osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane.

34
Q

Define active transport?

A

moves substances from a more dilute solution to a more concentrated solution (against a concentration gradient). This requires energy from respiration.

35
Q

How does active transport help plants absorb mineral ions?

A

By plant root hairs from very dilute solutions in the soil.

36
Q

Differentiation?

A

The process where unspecialised cells turn into specialised cells

Biology (5 decks)

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