Cell Biology Flashcards by Iris Jang

What is something that both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have in common?

Cell membrane and DNA (genome)

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What are prokaryotes?

Unicellular organisms within the domains of Bacteria

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What are some important features of prokaryotes? (6)

1) no nucleus (nucleus region/nucleoid)
2) no membrane-bound organelles
3) cell wall
4) cell membrane
5) ribosomes
6) circular chromosome

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How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ in growth rates and genetic manipulation?

Prokaryotes have faster growth rates

- Prokaryotes are easier to genetically manipulate

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How is DNA organized in prokaryotic cells?

DNA is organized on a single chromosome confined to an unbound region called the nucleoid or nucleolus

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What are the shapes of prokaryotes?

Cocci (spherical) and bacilli (rod-shape)

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How do prokaryotic cells stick to surfaces and prevent dehydration?

The outermost layer of the cell is made up of polysaccharide which helps cells stick to surfaces and maintain moisture

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What are prokaryotic cell walls made up of?

polysaccharides, lipids, and proteins

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What type of lipid cell membrane do bacteria and eukaryotes have?

Lipid bilayer

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What type of lipid cell membrane do some archaea have?

lipid monolayer

- has prenyl lipids that are the hydrophobic tails instead of fatty acids

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What is the function and the composition of the cell membrane?

cell integrety and transport regulation

- lipids and proteins

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What is the function and composition of ribosomes?

protein synthesis

- (composed of) protein and RNA

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What are plasmids?

Small circular extrachromosomal DNA in prokaryotes

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What is an application of plasmids?

They carry genetic material that can be transferred between cells
Many carry antibiotic resistant genes

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What are the appendages that prokaryotes have (2), and what are their functions?

1) Fimbriae - helps adhesion to surfaces

2) Flagella - tails used for motility

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What do some bacteria have for electron transport chain to occur?

membrane folds to increase surface area for ETC

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What is a bacteria that photosynthesizes?

cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)

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What are fimbriae and flagella composition?

protein

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What is the function and composition of cytosol?

liquid in cells, solvents and solutes

- proteins, water, minerals, etc

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What is the function and composition of capsules (prokaryotes)?

protection and adhesion

- polysaccharides and some proteins

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What is the function and composition of nucleoid?

region containing DNA

- DNA

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What is the function and composition of chromosome?

store genetic information

- DNA

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Why can’t cells just keep growing?

Hard to transport nutrients and oxygen

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Do bacteria and arachaea divide sexually or asexually?

asexually

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What are the methods of bacteria and archaea division? (5)

1) binary fission 2) asymmetrical binary division 3) multiple divisions 4) intracellular offspring formation 5) budding

What are the steps of binary fission? (4)

1) DNA replicates starts at origin or replication 2) cell elongates and origin move towards poles 3) septum forms 4) cell pinches into two

What is formed at the end of binary fission?

1 daughter cell and 1 mother cell

What is the main characteristic of eukaryotes?

Organelles - presence of multiple cell compartments

What are the differences between animal cell and plant cell? (3)

1) Large central vauole 2) Cell wall 3) Chloroplast

What are haploids and diploids? And what is an example that can exist in both?

- Haploid - 1 set of chromosome - Diploid - 2 sets of chromosome - Ex: Saccharomyces cerevisiae

What are the advantages of compartmentalization in eukaryotic cells? (2)

1) Increase in reaction rates by increase in substrate concentration 2) separate incompatible reactions

What is the function and composition of nucleus?

- Store genetic info and control gene expression | - nucleic acids, lipids (membrane), proteins

What is the function and composition of cytoskeleton?

- Maintain cell structure and aid in cell division | - Proteins

What is the function and composition of mitochondria?

- convert nutrients to ATP | - ALL

What is the function and composition of vacuole?

- storage of nutrients and other specialized functions | - lipids (membrane), proteins, water

What is the function and composition of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

- Transport and protein synthesis | - Lipids (membranes), proteins, ribosomes

What is the function and composition of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

- lipid/membrane synthesis, carbohydrate metabolism, and calcium ion storage - lipids (membrane) and proteins

What is the function and composition of golgi apparatus?

- process proteins, makes vesicles, secretion, and lipid/protein transport - lipids (membrane) and protein

What is the function and composition of centrioles (centrosome)

- (not present in all cells types) - separate chromosomes during cell division - protein

What is the function and composition of lysosomes?

- digest nutrients | - lipids (membranes), protein/enzymes, slightly acidic

What is the function and composition of peroxisome?

- digest lipid and convert ROS (reactive oxygen species) | - lipids (membranes) and protein/enzymes

What is the function and composition of chloroplasts?

- make ATP using sunlight, fix CO2 into carbohydrates for storage - ALL

What is the function and composition of cell wall (eukaryotes)?

- maintain cell structure | - carbohydrates and polymers

What is the function and composition of microvilli?

- increase absorption of cell area | - lipids (membranes)

How does cell differentiation occur?

By having different genes activated or deactivated

What are cells that can differentiate into other cell types?

stem cells

What are undifferentiated cells that can become any cell type?

totipotent

Where are stems cells located in plants? (3)

1) meristems 2) plant roots 3) joints where new leaves or branches shoot out

What is the two sides of the spectrum of potency?

Totipotent ---> non-potent

How do eukaryotic cells reproduce? (sexual or asexual)?

Both!

What are the asexual replication methods for eukaryotes? (5)

1) Mitosis 2) multiple fission 3) Budding 4) Sporogenesis 5) Fragmentation

What happens during the S phase?

- Cell performs internal checks | - Cell copies DNA and centrosome

What happens during G2 phase?

cell checks that its DNA was copied properly before going onto mitosis

What happens during the M phase?

- two chromosomes move to opposite ends of cell | - cell divides in half

What happens during G1 phase?

-cell monitor itself to determine if it must divide again

What happens in G0 phase?

cells no longer divide

What are the steps of mitosis? What occurs in each step?

1) Interphase - DNA replication 2) Prophase - chromosomes spiralize 3) Metaphase - chromosomes align on equator and attach to spindle 4) Anaphase - chromatids separate and move to opp poles 5) Telophase - two nuclei reform at poles

Are daughter cells haploids or diploids?

haploids

Why do nucleus have pores?

to control the transport of materials in and out of nucleus

Which type of cells has no nucleus?

red blood cells

Where does mRNA go right after exiting the nucleus (for eukaryotes)?

ER for protein translation

Which organelle is involved in protein glycosylation and protein trafficking?

Golgi apparatus

Which cells have a lot of mitochondria? (>2000)

Liver cells

What are the functions of cristae (the folds of mitochodria inner membrane)?

provide large surface area for electron transport chain reaction

Which organelles have their own genome?

mitochondria and chloroplasts

What are the types of molecular structures cytoskeletons are made up of? (3)

1) microtubules 2) microfilaments 3) intermediate filaments

What are the names of protein the filaments of cytoskeletons are made up of? (2)

1) tubulin | 2) actin

Where can ribosomes be found?

- cytosol (free ribosomes) | - outside of rough endoplasmic reticulum (bound ribosomes)

Which cells are chlorplasts found in?

- Plant cells | - Microalgae

How many membranes do chloroplasts have?

2 to 4 (typically 2)

Can chloroplasts live without its host cell?

Nay

What are plant cell walls made up of? (3)

1) cellulose 2) hemicellulose 3) lignin

What are fungal cell walls made up of?

chitin

What are microalgae made up of?

silica based cell walls (diatoms)

Which organelles are a sac of digestive enzymes and responsible for hydrolysis of food into building blocks, destruction of harmful bacteria and recycling of cell organelles?

lysosomes